first Flashcards
1
Q
What is a resistivity MOD tool?
A
2
Q
The dynamic elastic constants of a medium can be expressed as a function of ___________ and ________________
A
3
Q
For compensated neutron tools (CNL), the refernced lithology is usually _____ or _____
A
4
Q
•The primary calibration standard for neutron-logging tools is a _____
A
5
Q
What environmental corrections need to be made when using gamma ray tools
A
6
Q
Interpret a desnity log
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7
Q
What is actually measured during Dielectric/Electromagnetic Propagation logs
A
8
Q
What is a Barns/e unit
A
9
Q
Describe an example of correlating gamma rays using log plots
A
10
Q
If the core is being cut only for ________ and ____________ estimates, the change of water or hydrocarbon saturation is not important.
A
11
Q
What is actually measured during density logs
A
12
Q
__________ by itself may indicate a high organic carbon content that is indicative of high total organic carbon (TOC) associated with source rocks.
A
13
Q
What are the two primary methods of coring using wireline tools?
A
14
Q
The speed at which a wave travels through a medium may be expressed in two ways:
A
15
Q
formation strength information can be used to design what?
A
16
Q
What does a struck wireline tool look like?
A
17
Q
Φxe = PHIxe = PHIx - Vsh ∗ PHIXsh
A
18
Q
What is SGR
A
19
Q
Gamma rays can react with matter in three distinct ways:
A
20
Q
Pulling a struck wireline cable will have one of three results….
A
21
Q
How is Rmf converted to Rmfe
A
22
Q
What is thermal and epithermal neutron ranges
A
23
Q
What is OCQ?
A
24
Q
How is the PEF curve interpretted
A
25
Clay minerals constitute \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
26
SP logs can provide _______________ of electrical currents created by differences in mud filtrate and formation water resistivities (salinities).
27
How is Rmfe/Rwe calculated
28
What is the Hilchie equation for fluid effects during sonic logging
29
Sonic logging tools attempt to measure the formation properties __________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
30
What are the units of SP?
31
What is depth memorizing and correction
32
How does shale effect density log measurements
33
What is a neutron density MOD tool?
34
What is electrokinetic potential?
35
what is LWD
36
How are cores stored?
37
•The geologist needs to know the\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
38
What are the operating principles of uncompensated Sonic Log-borehole and sonde limitations
39
In the majority of the wells drilled, density logs are used as the primary indicator of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. And may also be used as an indicator of _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_
40
•The reservoir engineer needs to know the vertical and lateral ___________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
41
Describe electron density in relation to density logs
42
How does SP look on a log chart
43
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_formations and __________ stringers in sand formations affect the SP signal and can cause deviations from SSP (ideal signal).
44
How does a wireline cable become stuck?
45
Describe the probability of gamma ray emissions per disintegration
46
What curves make up gamma ray spectroscopy
47
How is bed thickness inferred from SP logs
48
Name the measurement areas for the types of logs
49
The ___________ and the ______________ used to average count rates of the gamma are interrelated.
50
How is shale volume determined from SP log
51
The measurements of interest to the mud logging analyst are
52
What is estimated and inferred from density logs
53
an arbitrary set of standard conditions of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and _______ has been defined and series of charts is available for making the appropriate corrections.
54
Gamma ray log is scaled in ______ units and increases from ____ to \_\_\_\_\_\_.
55
What is conventional coring
56
In a clastic environment, the presence of carbonate cement or some heavy mineral, like pyrite, will cause the "average" matrix travel-time to be _______ that a "clean sand" and will affect the calculated porosity.
57
Describe how compaction effects sonic log measurements (Hunt-Raymer transform)
58
The first neutron tools gave a qualitative indication of porosity, but was severely affected by ____ and the _____ borehole fluid and of the formation water.
59
The SP can be recorded by _______________ and measuring the voltage difference between \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
60
For the compensated neutron tool (CNL), the actual matrix is not chosen properly for conversion, then the _____ must be converted to match the matrix.
61
The gamma ray log measures the __________________ from subsurface formations.
62
What systems are included in MOD?
63
•The depth of investigation of the compenstated neutron tool (CNL) depends on both the ____ and the _____ of the mud filtrate and formation water.
64
Desribe dipole sonic logging
65
Neutron tools
* Older “gamma ray-neutron” tools detect ____ and \_\_\_\_.
* “sidewall” tools detect \_\_\_\_\_\_.
* “compensated” tools detect \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
66
Shales must be ___________ (and fluid salinities \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_) for the SP to appear.
67
What are the 3 types of sound waves are propagated in a medium
68
Z __________ with lithology.
69
Draw a gamma ray ejection
70
What does a picture of a wireline truck look like
71
In order to analyze the SP, the relationship between the SP and the resistivity _____________ and the _________________ must be determined.
72
What tools are available for sonic measurement
73
Describe the operating principles of the CNL (compensated neutron logging tool)
74
what are modern logging tools
75
Shales are permeable to what type of ion?
76
What is eccentered?
77
What is the source of SP?
78
In addition to gamma ray scattering, modern density tools (LDT tools) can analyze the __________ region of the scattered gamma ray spectrum separately.
79
For GR logs, a low ___ and ____ ratio can indicate reduced black shales
80
Describe compaction effects on sonic log measurements (fudge factor)
81
In the majority of the wells drilled, density logs are used as the primary indicator of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. And may also be used as an indicator of _____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_
82
How does the coring fluid and filtrate effect the core sample?
83
LDT's, in addition to the bulk density (ρb), also measure the photoelectric absorption index (Pe) of the formation.
84
what are the different logging methods
85
How do compaction effects manifest themselves during sonic log measurements
86
The choice of a logging suite will be influenced by?
87
It is an accepted practice to use the ____________________ as a clay volume indicator.
88
If the effect of hydrocarbons is not corrected, the sonic-derived porosity is \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
89
Gamma ray log is typically recorded in track 1 with what other logs
90
Name examples of logging devices for formation fluid content indicators
91
What is cation exchange capacity?
92
what is openhole logging
93
Why is a neutron used for logging
94
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and ___________ provide continuous velocity measurements and therefore knowledge of the dynamic mechanical properties of the rock in situ.
95
Name the types of curves outputted in a gamma ray tool
96
What are the limitations of gamma ray tools
97
sonic logging can be used for
98
This derivation of density porosity assumes a _________ of known density and a \_\_\_\_\_-filled pore space.
99
Name the 3 lithology and porosity pairs
100
Describe how a sonic wave travels from the tool that generates it to the receiver
101
What are the parts of the wireline operation equipment?
102
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ formation properties control the transmission of elastic waves which is the basis of sonic logging.
103
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ constants are determined by measuring elastic-wave velocities in the material.
104
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_-bound water is excluded from pore volume.
105
Describe compensated sonic log operating principles and limitations
106
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can bias GR signals and appear as shales instead of potential productive zones.
107
How is MOD transformed in 360 degree tool?
108
What does the final presentation of an array sonic tool look like
109
What is the Linear relation for Gamma Ray Index (Igr)
110
What does a log presentation heading look like
111
What are the principa applications of Vp/Vs(∆ts /∆tc)?
112
Mud logging includes measurements of both the _______ and _________ of the formations drilled.
113
In the shaly sand world, ____________ is an issue
114
Name the zones in a borehole environment
115
Each type of gamma ray decay is characterized by a gamma ray of a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
116
The amount of clay-bound water associated with the clay constituents of a shale is a function of the ________ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
117
What are LDT's?
118
Name examples of logging devices for porosity-lithology indicators
119
what is MWD
120
•The SP cannot be recorded in _______________ because there is no electrically conductive path through the mud for the SP.
121
the gamma ray log can be run in combination with \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
122
Shale content estimate is needed for\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ equations in shaly sands
123
What is a sonic MOD tool?
124
What is the Wyllie time average equation
125
Elastic and ____________ properties may be used interchangeably.
126
What measurements are related to mud logging in terms of the drilling process
127
The correction log (Δρ=ρ-ρcorr) is responsible for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, positive in light muds and negative in heavy muds.
128
What is the vertical resolution of gamma ray tools
129
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ , ____________ , and ____________ will cause the SP to be less than the ideal (clean water bearing sand) case
130
Low-energy gamma rays are subject to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is controlled by the atomic number, Z.
131
MOD provides the operator with ___________ on both the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_of the hole and the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_of the formations.
132
What is estimated and inferred from nuetron logs
133
•In a formation,\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_is the weak solution and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_is the more concentrated solution.
134
How can Rmf be estimated
135
The properties derived from testing rock samples in the laboratory are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
136
What are the two types of interference waves
137
To get an accurate measurement of porosity from a single measurement, lithology and fluid content must be known and are estimated as "\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_" and "\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_" values
138
Why use CGR?
139
What is actually measured during neutron logs
140
what is the "testing" log method
141
Name some auxiliary tools for well logging
142
How is Rwe calculated
143
What are the functions of a spontaneous potential log
144
Fluid travel time during sonic logs is a function of the \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_of a solution
145
The compensated neutron logging tool is an indicator of what three quantities?
146
For compensated neutron tools (CNL)...
* Sand/shale sequences: Run the log with a sandstone-matrix setting and with a porosity scale of ____ to \_\_\_%.
* Carbonates/evaporates/generally unknown lithology: Run the log with the CNL on a limestone matrix setting with a porosity scale of ___ to \_\_\_\_%.
147
What is the included in the wireline truck?
148
The types of logs to be run will be influenced by
149
SP logs can provide _____ to ____ correlation
150
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ (SNP) tool was then introduced. It relied on a single detector of epithermal neutrons
151
What is the penetration depth of gamma ray tools
152
What is membrane potential?
153
What does a "Gamma Ray Spectroscopy- Mineral Identification" chart look like
154
What is CGR
155
What is GWR?
156
MOD is particularly valuable to the log analyst for the measurement of ______ that is virtually free of the effects of mud-filtrate invasion.
157
What is normal SP and reverse SP?
158
What is rotary sidewall coring
159
What is the liquid junction effect?
160
The primary measurement of the compensated neutron (CNL) tool is a ratio of \_\_\_\_\_
161
SP logs can identify ________ vs \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
162
Gamma ray logs are subject to a number of perturbing effects, including:
163
what is coring
164
Dense formations absorb ______ gamma rays; low-density formations absorb ___________ gamma rays
165
How is Thallium-doped sodium iodide crystal used in gamma ray log tools
166
How is Rmf converted to Rmf at Formation Temperature
167
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ in the formation increases the gamma ray response compared to the clean formation baseline.
168
•Its common that the SP appears to deflect to the \_\_\_\_\_deep in the well but is reversed nearer the surface.
169
Array sonic tools incorporation of _______ receiver arrays and waveform recording methods has led to improvements over conventional sonic logging tools.
170
How is Rwe converted to Rw
171
Gamma rays have unique _________ and occur in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, as expressed in counts per time period.
172
What is a repeart pass and main pass
173
Gamma ray logs are used for three main purposes
174
What environmental corrections need to occur during sonic logs
175
The SP log can be mounted on \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
176
How is the compensated neutron logging tool (CNL) affected by gas content
177
What are the important parts of well log quality control?
178
Once the values of Vp/Vs (∆ts /∆tc) have been established, they can be combined with ____________ values to calculate the elastic constants, including: K, PR, YM and SM.
179
Interpret a SP log
180
The correction log (Δρ=ρ-ρcorr) is responsible for mud cake density, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_in light muds and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_in heavy muds.
181
Naturally occurring gamma ray radiation occurs from what three sources
182
What does a correction chart for an SP log look like
183
The API standard defines the difference in _______ between _______ and the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
184
Sideway neutron porosity tools overcame salinity problems, but had its own unique problem that ____ could affect its readings, and estimation of the magnitude of the error was not always easy.
185
Porosity tools don't directly measure \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
186
Describe the differences between well logging, petrophysics, and formation evaluation
187
Name examples of logging devices for reservoir geometry indicators
188
Which equation should be used to account for compaction effects during sonic logging
189
What is MOD?
190
What do wireline tool combos look like
191
What are the steps to find RW From the SP
192
What is an example of a thin bed log result
193
A number of different relationships have been proposed to relate the _____________________ to the clay content of the formation.
194
What are the factors affecting SP measurements
195
Determination of Vsh is important because it effects _______________ calculations.
196
Name some secondary environmental affects when using a compenstated neutron density tool (CNL)
197
What is the liquid junction potential
198
What is a GR MOD tool?
199
what is mud logging
200
What is percussion sideway coring
201
Infer formation beds from SP logs
202
How can formation temperature be extrapolated
203
How are compensated neutron tools used to identify lithology using bulk density and neutron porosity
204
What is actually measured during Nuclear Magnetic Resonance logs
205
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ volume available for storage of hydrocarbons.
206
How is the compensated neutron logging tool (CNL) affected by clay content
207
What does the Gamma Ray Index (Igr) look like graphically
208
Gamma rays can pass through \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
209
what are some examples of more advanced logging equipment
210
What is a synthetic seismogram
211
Name logging devices for formation productivity indicators
212
What is the gamma ray index
213
How are shale effects included in compensated neutron tool (CNL)
214
The hydrogen index is directly related to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
215
The compensated neutron tool detector count rates are inversely proportional to the amount of _____ in the formation
216
Each radioactive decay event produces a unique \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
217
Shale (clay) volume is also used for the derivation to determine \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
218
SP logs provide a ______________ indication of permeability
219
What is baseline drift in a SP log
220
How are compensated neutron tools used to identify porosity compensated for lithology
221
What is the objective of coring?
222
what is estimated and inferred from sonic logs
223
•The production engineer needs to know if \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_exists, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_and associated \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
224
•The compensated neutron tool measures a \_\_\_\_\_\_, which can be related to formation porosity only if the lithology and formation fluid content are known.
225
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is not necessarily excluded from pore volume; depends on the measurement technique.
226
What is delta rho in a density log
227
what is another name for mud logging
228
What is the depth of investigation for types of density logging tools
229
What information is collected from mud logging?
230
Describe what high and low gamma ray responses mean
231
What are the tools available to recover a stuck wireline tool?
232
To get an accurate measurement of porosity from a single measurement, __________ and ___________________ must be known and are estimated as "matrix" and "fluid" values
233
SP tends to follow the ________ log
234
What is actually measured during sonic/acoustic logs
235
What is the sand line and shale line in an SP log
236
The interval transit time (Δt) of a formation is increased due to the presence of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
237
What is LHR?
