first Flashcards
What is a resistivity MOD tool?
The dynamic elastic constants of a medium can be expressed as a function of ___________ and ________________
For compensated neutron tools (CNL), the refernced lithology is usually _____ or _____
•The primary calibration standard for neutron-logging tools is a _____
What environmental corrections need to be made when using gamma ray tools
Interpret a desnity log
What is actually measured during Dielectric/Electromagnetic Propagation logs
What is a Barns/e unit
Describe an example of correlating gamma rays using log plots
If the core is being cut only for ________ and ____________ estimates, the change of water or hydrocarbon saturation is not important.
What is actually measured during density logs
__________ by itself may indicate a high organic carbon content that is indicative of high total organic carbon (TOC) associated with source rocks.
What are the two primary methods of coring using wireline tools?
The speed at which a wave travels through a medium may be expressed in two ways:
formation strength information can be used to design what?
What does a struck wireline tool look like?
Φxe = PHIxe = PHIx - Vsh ∗ PHIXsh
What is SGR
Gamma rays can react with matter in three distinct ways:
Pulling a struck wireline cable will have one of three results….
How is Rmf converted to Rmfe
What is thermal and epithermal neutron ranges
What is OCQ?
How is the PEF curve interpretted
Clay minerals constitute ____________________.
SP logs can provide _______________ of electrical currents created by differences in mud filtrate and formation water resistivities (salinities).
How is Rmfe/Rwe calculated
What is the Hilchie equation for fluid effects during sonic logging
Sonic logging tools attempt to measure the formation properties __________ and _____________
What are the units of SP?
What is depth memorizing and correction
How does shale effect density log measurements
What is a neutron density MOD tool?
What is electrokinetic potential?
what is LWD
How are cores stored?
•The geologist needs to know the________, the _______and __________, the ________________.
What are the operating principles of uncompensated Sonic Log-borehole and sonde limitations
In the majority of the wells drilled, density logs are used as the primary indicator of ______________. And may also be used as an indicator of _____ and ______
•The reservoir engineer needs to know the vertical and lateral ___________ and _______________.
Describe electron density in relation to density logs
How does SP look on a log chart
__________formations and __________ stringers in sand formations affect the SP signal and can cause deviations from SSP (ideal signal).
How does a wireline cable become stuck?
Describe the probability of gamma ray emissions per disintegration
What curves make up gamma ray spectroscopy
How is bed thickness inferred from SP logs
Name the measurement areas for the types of logs
The ___________ and the ______________ used to average count rates of the gamma are interrelated.
How is shale volume determined from SP log
The measurements of interest to the mud logging analyst are
What is estimated and inferred from density logs
an arbitrary set of standard conditions of _______, _______, and _______ has been defined and series of charts is available for making the appropriate corrections.
Gamma ray log is scaled in ______ units and increases from ____ to ______.
What is conventional coring
In a clastic environment, the presence of carbonate cement or some heavy mineral, like pyrite, will cause the “average” matrix travel-time to be _______ that a “clean sand” and will affect the calculated porosity.
Describe how compaction effects sonic log measurements (Hunt-Raymer transform)
The first neutron tools gave a qualitative indication of porosity, but was severely affected by ____ and the _____ borehole fluid and of the formation water.
The SP can be recorded by _______________ and measuring the voltage difference between ____________________.
For the compensated neutron tool (CNL), the actual matrix is not chosen properly for conversion, then the _____ must be converted to match the matrix.
The gamma ray log measures the __________________ from subsurface formations.
What systems are included in MOD?
•The depth of investigation of the compenstated neutron tool (CNL) depends on both the ____ and the _____ of the mud filtrate and formation water.
Desribe dipole sonic logging
Neutron tools
- Older “gamma ray-neutron” tools detect ____ and ____.
- “sidewall” tools detect ______.
- “compensated” tools detect _______.
Shales must be ___________ (and fluid salinities _____________) for the SP to appear.
What are the 3 types of sound waves are propagated in a medium
Z __________ with lithology.
Draw a gamma ray ejection
What does a picture of a wireline truck look like
In order to analyze the SP, the relationship between the SP and the resistivity _____________ and the _________________ must be determined.
What tools are available for sonic measurement
Describe the operating principles of the CNL (compensated neutron logging tool)
what are modern logging tools
Shales are permeable to what type of ion?
What is eccentered?
What is the source of SP?
In addition to gamma ray scattering, modern density tools (LDT tools) can analyze the __________ region of the scattered gamma ray spectrum separately.
For GR logs, a low ___ and ____ ratio can indicate reduced black shales
Describe compaction effects on sonic log measurements (fudge factor)
In the majority of the wells drilled, density logs are used as the primary indicator of ______________. And may also be used as an indicator of _____ and ______
How does the coring fluid and filtrate effect the core sample?
LDT’s, in addition to the bulk density (ρb), also measure the photoelectric absorption index (Pe) of the formation.
what are the different logging methods
How do compaction effects manifest themselves during sonic log measurements
The choice of a logging suite will be influenced by?
It is an accepted practice to use the ____________________ as a clay volume indicator.
If the effect of hydrocarbons is not corrected, the sonic-derived porosity is _________
Gamma ray log is typically recorded in track 1 with what other logs
Name examples of logging devices for formation fluid content indicators
What is cation exchange capacity?
what is openhole logging
Why is a neutron used for logging
_______ and ___________ provide continuous velocity measurements and therefore knowledge of the dynamic mechanical properties of the rock in situ.
Name the types of curves outputted in a gamma ray tool
What are the limitations of gamma ray tools
sonic logging can be used for
This derivation of density porosity assumes a _________ of known density and a _____-filled pore space.
Name the 3 lithology and porosity pairs
Describe how a sonic wave travels from the tool that generates it to the receiver
What are the parts of the wireline operation equipment?
____________ formation properties control the transmission of elastic waves which is the basis of sonic logging.
___________ constants are determined by measuring elastic-wave velocities in the material.
_________-bound water is excluded from pore volume.
Describe compensated sonic log operating principles and limitations
______________ can bias GR signals and appear as shales instead of potential productive zones.
How is MOD transformed in 360 degree tool?
What does the final presentation of an array sonic tool look like
What is the Linear relation for Gamma Ray Index (Igr)
What does a log presentation heading look like
What are the principa applications of Vp/Vs(∆ts /∆tc)?
Mud logging includes measurements of both the _______ and _________ of the formations drilled.
In the shaly sand world, ____________ is an issue
Name the zones in a borehole environment
Each type of gamma ray decay is characterized by a gamma ray of a ________________, and the ________________.
The amount of clay-bound water associated with the clay constituents of a shale is a function of the ________ and ___________
What are LDT’s?
Name examples of logging devices for porosity-lithology indicators
what is MWD
•The SP cannot be recorded in _______________ because there is no electrically conductive path through the mud for the SP.
the gamma ray log can be run in combination with __________
Shale content estimate is needed for_____________ equations in shaly sands
What is a sonic MOD tool?
What is the Wyllie time average equation
Elastic and ____________ properties may be used interchangeably.
What measurements are related to mud logging in terms of the drilling process
The correction log (Δρ=ρ-ρcorr) is responsible for _______________, positive in light muds and negative in heavy muds.
What is the vertical resolution of gamma ray tools
___________ , ____________ , and ____________ will cause the SP to be less than the ideal (clean water bearing sand) case
Low-energy gamma rays are subject to _______________, which is controlled by the atomic number, Z.
MOD provides the operator with ___________ on both the _________of the hole and the ________________of the formations.
What is estimated and inferred from nuetron logs
•In a formation,__________________is the weak solution and _______________is the more concentrated solution.
How can Rmf be estimated
The properties derived from testing rock samples in the laboratory are ____________________
What are the two types of interference waves
To get an accurate measurement of porosity from a single measurement, lithology and fluid content must be known and are estimated as “_________” and “_______________” values
Why use CGR?
What is actually measured during neutron logs
what is the “testing” log method
Name some auxiliary tools for well logging
How is Rwe calculated
What are the functions of a spontaneous potential log
Fluid travel time during sonic logs is a function of the ______, _______, and __________of a solution
The compensated neutron logging tool is an indicator of what three quantities?
For compensated neutron tools (CNL)…
- Sand/shale sequences: Run the log with a sandstone-matrix setting and with a porosity scale of ____ to ___%.
- Carbonates/evaporates/generally unknown lithology: Run the log with the CNL on a limestone matrix setting with a porosity scale of ___ to ____%.
What is the included in the wireline truck?
The types of logs to be run will be influenced by
SP logs can provide _____ to ____ correlation
_______ (SNP) tool was then introduced. It relied on a single detector of epithermal neutrons
What is the penetration depth of gamma ray tools
What is membrane potential?
What does a “Gamma Ray Spectroscopy- Mineral Identification” chart look like
What is CGR
What is GWR?
MOD is particularly valuable to the log analyst for the measurement of ______ that is virtually free of the effects of mud-filtrate invasion.
What is normal SP and reverse SP?
What is rotary sidewall coring
What is the liquid junction effect?
The primary measurement of the compensated neutron (CNL) tool is a ratio of _____
SP logs can identify ________ vs _____________
Gamma ray logs are subject to a number of perturbing effects, including:
what is coring
Dense formations absorb ______ gamma rays; low-density formations absorb ___________ gamma rays
How is Thallium-doped sodium iodide crystal used in gamma ray log tools
How is Rmf converted to Rmf at Formation Temperature
_________________ in the formation increases the gamma ray response compared to the clean formation baseline.
•Its common that the SP appears to deflect to the _____deep in the well but is reversed nearer the surface.
Array sonic tools incorporation of _______ receiver arrays and waveform recording methods has led to improvements over conventional sonic logging tools.
How is Rwe converted to Rw
Gamma rays have unique _________ and occur in _____________, as expressed in counts per time period.
What is a repeart pass and main pass
Gamma ray logs are used for three main purposes
What environmental corrections need to occur during sonic logs
The SP log can be mounted on ____________
How is the compensated neutron logging tool (CNL) affected by gas content
What are the important parts of well log quality control?
Once the values of Vp/Vs (∆ts /∆tc) have been established, they can be combined with ____________ values to calculate the elastic constants, including: K, PR, YM and SM.
Interpret a SP log
The correction log (Δρ=ρ-ρcorr) is responsible for mud cake density, _________in light muds and _________________in heavy muds.
Naturally occurring gamma ray radiation occurs from what three sources
What does a correction chart for an SP log look like
The API standard defines the difference in _______ between _______ and the _____________
Sideway neutron porosity tools overcame salinity problems, but had its own unique problem that ____ could affect its readings, and estimation of the magnitude of the error was not always easy.
Porosity tools don’t directly measure __________.
Describe the differences between well logging, petrophysics, and formation evaluation
Name examples of logging devices for reservoir geometry indicators
Which equation should be used to account for compaction effects during sonic logging
What is MOD?
What do wireline tool combos look like
What are the steps to find RW From the SP
What is an example of a thin bed log result
A number of different relationships have been proposed to relate the _____________________ to the clay content of the formation.
What are the factors affecting SP measurements
Determination of Vsh is important because it effects _______________ calculations.
Name some secondary environmental affects when using a compenstated neutron density tool (CNL)
What is the liquid junction potential
What is a GR MOD tool?
what is mud logging
What is percussion sideway coring
Infer formation beds from SP logs
How can formation temperature be extrapolated
How are compensated neutron tools used to identify lithology using bulk density and neutron porosity
What is actually measured during Nuclear Magnetic Resonance logs
__________ volume available for storage of hydrocarbons.
How is the compensated neutron logging tool (CNL) affected by clay content
What does the Gamma Ray Index (Igr) look like graphically
Gamma rays can pass through ____________
what are some examples of more advanced logging equipment
What is a synthetic seismogram
Name logging devices for formation productivity indicators
What is the gamma ray index
How are shale effects included in compensated neutron tool (CNL)
The hydrogen index is directly related to ________
The compensated neutron tool detector count rates are inversely proportional to the amount of _____ in the formation
Each radioactive decay event produces a unique ____________
Shale (clay) volume is also used for the derivation to determine ______________
SP logs provide a ______________ indication of permeability
What is baseline drift in a SP log
How are compensated neutron tools used to identify porosity compensated for lithology
What is the objective of coring?
what is estimated and inferred from sonic logs
•The production engineer needs to know if _____________exists, ____________and associated _____________________.
•The compensated neutron tool measures a ______, which can be related to formation porosity only if the lithology and formation fluid content are known.
__________ is not necessarily excluded from pore volume; depends on the measurement technique.
What is delta rho in a density log
what is another name for mud logging
What is the depth of investigation for types of density logging tools
What information is collected from mud logging?
Describe what high and low gamma ray responses mean
What are the tools available to recover a stuck wireline tool?
To get an accurate measurement of porosity from a single measurement, __________ and ___________________ must be known and are estimated as “matrix” and “fluid” values
SP tends to follow the ________ log
What is actually measured during sonic/acoustic logs
What is the sand line and shale line in an SP log
The interval transit time (Δt) of a formation is increased due to the presence of ____________.
What is LHR?
