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1. Survival skills > FIRE/LIGHT/HEAT > Flashcards

FIRE/LIGHT/HEAT Flashcards

1
Q

Ten steps to building fire with wet wood

A
  1. Collect wood and tinder
  2. Peel wood - remove wet bark to expose dry wood beneath
  3. split wood into smaller pieces
  4. Gather and process tinder - lifeblood of fire starting. Gather/create 3-4x as much as you think you need. Once start fire, keep adding until the continuous high heat saturates the larger surrounding logs and starts them fully burning.
  5. Base - best position is a mound unless high wind, then use depression/fire pit.
  6. Shape it - tinder base, teepee with increasing size branches
  7. airflow - stand on windward side, block the flow of wind with body as progress through rest to allow steady burn of tinder
  8. Light as low as possible, keep adding tinder to keep internal heat high.
  9. Keep adding larger and larger pieces as fire gains momentum
  10. add reflector logs and transition into log cabin version.
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2
Q

Glass bottle candle cover

A
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3
Q

Butcher a wet log

A
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4
Q

Spam can stove

A
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5
Q

Koolik light and stove

A

Eskimo origin
Use animal fat to minimize smoke
Heat controlled by changing length of wick

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6
Q

How to carry embers to start your next fire

A
  1. Fill the bottom of a non-flammable container with dry moss
  2. Place embers on the moss
  3. Cover embers with more moss
  4. Check the embers from time to time and blow on them if they appear to be losing strength.

Moss limits O2 to embers, but needs occasional dose of air, so open and blow on now and then. Can transport for a few days this way

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7
Q

Baseboard and tinder placement for hand drill fire starting

A
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8
Q

Ideal baseboard shape for hand drill fire starting

A
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9
Q

Fire platform construction

A
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10
Q

Tin can lantern

A
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11
Q

Hunters lamp

A
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12
Q

Tin can stove

A
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13
Q

Construction of a Top of a glass bottle lantern

A
  1. Heat a clear glass bottle in a fire
  2. Drip the bottom in cold water. Will cause bottom to crack and fall off.
  3. Place a candle in the bottle neck, and neck into the ground.
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14
Q

Bamboo fire starter

A
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15
Q

Water bottle solar fire starter

A

Works well in summer when sun rays strong.

If thick enough, rounded part of glass bottle can be used to same effect without water

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16
Q

Sparking fire with steel

A

Sharp hard rock used to peel miniscule slivers of metal from steel that catch fire from friction on steel and spark.

  1. Must be high carbon steel. High carbon knife blade, axe head, steel file, etc. Stainless steel will NOT work.
  2. Find a hunk of hard stone. Flint, quartz, quartzite, chert, etc. Must have a sharp ridge edge, rounded will not work.
  3. Hold the stone with sharp ridge on a horizontal plane extending from your hand.
  4. Place tinder under thumb and on top of rock, or beneath where sparks will drop.
  5. Strike the stone against high carbon steel with a glancing blow
  6. Once sparks start combustion of tinder, gently blow to increase heat until bursts into flame.
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17
Q

Best method to get maximum tinder and small branch combusion as start fire

A
  1. Gather 3x as much tinder as you think you will need.
  2. Gather 2x as much kindling/branches as you think you will need. 3 seperate piles: diam. of a worm, diam of a .22 shell, diam of a 20G shell.
  3. “Fuzz” cut the branches to maximize how quickly they catch
  4. Make teepee of smallest branches with an opening facing you (windward side). Fill base of teepee with 1/2 tinder, leaving path for you to reach the very bottom. Add some of middle an large size branchs around the outside.
  5. Light the very base. Want heat to travel upward into larger branches. Keep feeding tinder as it burns through, will take continous heat for larger branches to catch.
  6. As larger branches start to catch, add more of the 2nd and third piles.
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18
Q

Splitting a log with a fixed blade knife

A
  1. Split U-shaped wooden slices at an angle off the side of the log with a wooden branch on back of knife spine.
  2. Angle the edges of the wedges into an existing lengthwise crack in a log.
  3. Hammer the wedges into the crack with a wood baton/branch. Will split the log along the crack.
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19
Q

Terra cotta candle heater

A
  1. Place two terra cotta flower pots upside down on top of eachother. Bottom/inside pot should be smaller so there is an inch of space between it and the outer pot
  2. Elevate both pots slighty above the candle(s). Straddling 2 bricks is perfect example.
  3. Light the candles.
  4. Candle heats first pot as well as air between pots which rises out of hole in top of 2nd pot. Terra cotta captures, holds and radiates the longer then if candles just burning in open air.
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20
Q

Metal bucket rock heater

A
  1. Heat some softball size rocks or bricks in your fire. Should have come from a dry source.
  2. Put them in a metal bucket and surround with sand.
  3. Put the lid on the metal bucket and put it inside your shelter on a fireproof surface, away from walls and bedding.
  4. Will provide heat all night, raises the temperature more efficiently the smaller the shelter space is.
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21
Q

Antena fire bellows

A
  1. The more O2 a fire gets, the stronger and hotter it burns.
  2. Car/radio/etc antenna - break off, remove any wiring.
  3. Place one end of the antena into the heart of the starting fire, blow through the other end to inject O2.
  4. Retractable will collapse into lightweight fire kit addition.
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22
Q

Concave reflector fire starter

A

Ideal - flashlight reflector or vehicle headlight reflectors

Reflects sunglight into a strong and focused beam in the center, just about the position the light bulb would be.

  1. Remove the bulb and any plastic or glass lenses covering the reflective surface.
  2. Stab a small piece of tinder onto the end of a thin stick or wire and feed it up through the hole in the bottom of the reflector.
  3. Face the reflector directly into the sun
  4. Experiement with different positions for the tinder until you find the best spot of focused sunlight.
  5. Hold in position until lights, then drop into waiting tinder bundle.
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23
Q

Light bulb fire starter (one of the best fire starters)

A
  1. Find traditional incansescent household light bulb.
  2. Wrap the bulb in an old rag or tshirt, gently tap the very bottom electrical contact point with a hammer or knife handle.
  3. After a few hits will loosen up, remove from glass bulb. Gently break out stem and filament and work through hole.
  4. Rinse out inside of bulb to remove silica coating (need clear glass)
  5. Turn the bulb upside down, fill with clean water.
  6. This creates one of the most effective solar lenses that exists!
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24
Q

7 best forms of solar tinder

A
  1. Chaga - tinder fungus
  2. char cloth
  3. milkweed ovum
  4. charcoal
  5. rabbit/deer poop (dry)
  6. Punky soft wood - soft rotting wood usually from center of a tree or log = “fire gold”
  7. Dried tea or coffee grounds
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25
Q

Make lint tinder

A

Perfect for solar tinder. Dry, fibrous, extremely flammable.

  1. Scrape any cotton garment at a 90 degree angle with a knife or sharp tool.
  2. Will create a small pile of cotton fibers.
  3. Do not pack tightly. Pull fibers apart to expose more surface area = increased chance a spark with start combustion.

Can also pull apart Q tips if find any, for the same effect

26
Q

Fire tinder gold

A
  • Dry rotting wood, called punky wood, is the perfect medium for solar ember creation.
  • Punk embers are very self sustaining and can be ‘grown’ by crushing and sprinkling on more punk wood.
  • Looking for dry rotting wood that can easily be crushed and powdered between your fingertips
  • Source - common in dead branches on forest floor, inside hollows of rotting trees, on old dry stumps.

can be used to grow any ember source you get started.

27
Q

Turning manure into solar fire tinder

A
  • Dry vegetable matter in herbivore poop is perfect for solar tinder
  • Deer, moose, cow, horse, goat, cow, etc.
  • If fresh, place them next to ax existing fire to dry them out, or set them in direct sunlight on a dark colored rock. Dark rock will absorb heat from the sun and help dry them out from beneath.
  • To use - Pulverize into loose pile and use like other tinder.
28
Q

Excellent source of wicks

A

Strand from a cotton mop head.

29
Q

Crisco candle

A
  • Crisco is solid state vegetable oil
  • If find a can, cut one strand of a cotton mop head or use other wick, using thin forked stick, jam down one end of wick until reaches base of can.
  • Cut wick end until only 1” above the crisco
  • Slather visible wick with crisco
  • One can will provide up to 30 days of use.
  • Burn 3 wicks in triangular pattern 1” apart for increased light or heat.
30
Q

Using a pop can to make char cloth

A
  1. get some natural fabric, such as cotton
  2. Cut pop can in 1/2
  3. Place several squares of natural cloth inside
  4. Close the thin metal seal to the drinking hole so there is just a sliver of an opening.
  5. Pressure fit the top 1/2 of can over the bottom 1/2 of can
  6. Place container in coals of a small fire for several minutes.
  7. Smoke and flames will shoot out of the slight opening of mouth hole. When the smoke STOPS, your char cloth is ready.

One of best solar/spark tinder starters.

31
Q

Cardboard fire roll/rocket stove

A
  1. Roll pieces of cardboard into (3) 8” diameter rolls.
  2. Twist wire around the rolls in two places (one high, one low) to hold them together.
  3. Stand the roll upright ontop of two bricks that are spaced apart, leaving the center space between the rolls open for airflow.
  4. Stuff the bottom interior of the center space between the rolls with tinder.
  5. Ignite from the bottom. Once lights will draw air from the bottom like a rocket stove until all burned up.
  6. Cook with a skillet sitting on the top surfaces of the carboard rolls
32
Q

Double log grill

A
33
Q

Open trench fireplace

A
34
Q

Dakota fire hole

A
35
Q

Charcoal production with mud

A
  1. Build a cone out of tinder and kindling.
  2. Surround with chunks of hard firewood.
  3. Build a mound of mud over the woodpile. Leave a hole in the mud at the top of the kiln and one at the bottom.
  4. Light up your tinder at the bottom and let the kiln catch fire fully.
  5. Plug the two kiln openings with more mud once the fire is burning well
  6. The mound/kiln will snuff out slowly over the next 24 hours.
  7. Break it open once cool and harvest your charcoal.
36
Q

Making char cloth with an altoid tin

A
  1. Small hole in top of tin
  2. Fill with scraps of natural fiber (cotton, etc)
  3. Seal lid and then place container in coals of fire. Smoke and maybe fire will come out of the hole for awhile.
  4. After about 5 min./smoke stops, pull tin out of fire.
  5. Char cloth should be solid black and silky texture, but not fall apart.
  6. Should ignite to single spark. Then add to tinder nest.
37
Q

Solar bottle light bulb

A
  1. Fill water bottle nearly full with clean water, then add some bleach.
  2. Close the cap and cover it’s edges with sealant.
  3. Place bottle half way through hole in roof, top facing up.
  4. Add sealant around the edges to anchor to roofing

Creates same light as 60 watt bulb

38
Q

Types of materials that can be used for a lamp wick

A
  • Any type of absorbant plant material, raw or processed

Examples:
* cotton cord (mop head). Cotton strips.
* Linnen cord or strips
* Raw plant fibers twisted together

39
Q

Create an oil lamp

A
  1. Get a jar or bottle (preferrably glass or metal) with a metal lid.
  2. Acquire a wick or long thin strip of absorbant natural cloth (cotton, linen, etc).
  3. Soak the wick in a mix of 1 TBSP salt : 8 oz water. Wring out and let dry overnight. Will help keep the wick from charring.
  4. Fill container with whatever type oil/fat you can source.
  5. Punch a hole through the middle of the lid for the wick, then punch a second hole off to the side to avoid a vacuum.
  6. Dip the wick in the oil to soak it, then feed it through the opening in the lid, screw the lid on tight
  7. Wick should be 1/4 to 1/2” in length above lid hole.
40
Q

3 characteristics of good tinder

A
  • Dead
  • Dry
  • Light/fluffy - the more surface area the better
41
Q

4 ways to process tinder

A
  1. Shred it -
  2. Pound it - between two rocks to seperate fibers. Roll into a ball, then keep pounding as turn ball over frequently to hit from all angles.
  3. Scrape and scratch
  4. Crumple and crumble.

Ultimate goal is light fluffy tinder

42
Q

Produce and use an ideal tinder bundle

A
  1. Birds nest shape is the goal
  2. Using coarsest fibers first, coil them in a circle to form outer layer of bundle
  3. Add finer materials to inside, mashing them down so resembles cavity in a birds nest
  4. Add very fine fluffy fibers to center, this will be where coal is set.
  5. Place ember/coal onto fine fibers and gently fold birds nest closed to complete surround ember. Don’t crush.
  6. Blow through the tinder with tight air focus. Move around until spot that produces most smoke, keep blowing there.
  7. Once taking off, introduce into prepared firewood shape, usually at base.
43
Q

6 Common tinder sources

A

1) Wood shavings - Shave off then pound between rocks
2) Pine needles - Pound and shred dry needles
3) Weed tops and seed down - shred to fluffy texture
4) Grasses - MUST be dry and died on own (not cut). Shred.
5) Leaves - Best if collected away from the ground. Crumble. If won’t crumble, then to wet.
6) Inner and outer bark - Pound between rocks then shred until light and fluffy.

44
Q

Using a dead lighter to spark fires

A
  1. Place a fluffed out piece of fine plant fiber right in the “mouth” of the lighter.
  2. Hold a larger tuft of tinder next to lighter opening and strike the spark wheel until the fluff ignites
  3. The tiny flame from the fluff lighting should be enough to light the larger tuft of tinder.
45
Q

Fire Plow construction

A
  • Plow stick
    a. 20 inches long and as thick as your thumb
    b. Carve a slice off each side to reduce side friction and direct the pressure to the tip of the plow stick.
  • Plow log
    a. Soft wood - Cedar, willow, basswood, etc.
    b. Dead and dry
46
Q

Fire Plow Technique

A

Simple but exhausting.
1. In the board/log against a solid object, hold down with your knees.
2. Rub the plow stick briskly back and forth over 10” line. High speed and downward pressure
3. Groove will begin to form in plow board, and dust will buipd up in the deepening groove.
4. If plow long and hard enough, dust will pile up at end of groove and then the plowing friction heat shoud turn into an ember.
5. If doesn’t ignite and you are tired, hand over to someone else to keep the friction heat going. OR, leave dust in groove so already primed when ready to try again later.

47
Q

Vertical Bamboo saw creation and use

A
  1. Remove 1/2 width of bamboo between two sections.
  2. Free section is your tray. Drill a small hole through tray.
  3. Place tinder near hole, then small strip of bamboo overtop to trap tinder in location.
  4. Brace the longer half cut piece of bamboo and start rubbing free section against a cut edge, right over pilot hole.
  5. As rub, hot bamboo dust will fall through pilot hole and onto tinder.
  6. Once smoking for at least 30 seconds, encourage ember with blown air, then transfer to more tinder to start fire.
48
Q

Connecting a light bulb to a car battery

A
49
Q

Safe room heating

A
  1. Only try to heat one room, small in size, low ceiling.
  2. Set up a heatproof platform in room. Bricks, rocks, etc. 2’ X 2’
  3. Build a fire outside, throw DRY rocks/bricks into coals to heat up. Let soak heat for 45 minutes.
  4. Shovel rocks out of coals, drop into a steel pot. Do not use galvanized.
  5. Set steel pot on heatproof platform and do best to keep room closed up.
50
Q

Carbon Monoxide poisoning

A
  • Colorless odorless gas produced by low flame combusion.
  • 200X higher affinity for O2 bonding sites on hemoglobin.
  • Replaces O2 = sleepy > suffocation.
  • ALWAYS have ventilation with indoor fire.
51
Q

How to turn an oven grill into BBQ

A
52
Q

Make a wax cook stove

A
  1. Find a shallow metal can
  2. Fill the can with coiled strips of cardboard, packing it as tightly as possible.
  3. Pour melted wax over cardboard. Tiny bit of cardboard should be sticking above wax
  4. Set up bricks around to protect from wind with a grill/horizontal holder above.
53
Q

Heating stones selection

A
  • When stones exposed to water for long period, will absorb water = exploding stones if heated.
  • Collect stones to be used for heating from a dry source, far removed from a water source (stream, etc).
54
Q

When and how to use a fire mound

A
  • Used in wetter climates (wet soil) and areas prone to sudden downpours b/c either will smother your coal bed.
  • Build mound from non-flammable material as high as need to be seperated from ground water. Sand MC used in swamp areas.
55
Q

Make a firewood dryer

A
  • Wood absorbs water quickly. Must be dried until less then 20% moisture to burn.
  • Build rack, place wet branches to dry. When dry to touch put in fire and replace with new wet branches.
56
Q

Why and how to make a Star fire

A
  • Used when tools to cut wood are not available
  • Create a non-flammable mound
  • Pull in logs of all different sizes, all leaned up against mound with tips lifted up in air based on upward angle.
  • Build fire beneath tips at center. As logs burn, push more of log into center.
  • Can place smaller ‘roller’ logs beneath larger logs to facilitate pushing into center.
  • This will always be a smaller smoldering fire, but provides warmth, smoke to keep bugs away and seating around fire.
57
Q

Fuzzy match sticks

A
58
Q

Doubling match stick quantity

A
59
Q

When and why bark should be removed from firewood

A
  • Bark is not generally flammable on its own.
  • If trying to start fire in rain or with wet wood, remove the bark to expose the dry wood below, and to minimize dampening the fire.
  • If trying to minimize smoke signature, remove bark.
60
Q

Steps to minimizing fire smoke signature

A

Want to maximize combustion = less smoke.
1. Remove bark
2. Split wood into slender strips to maximize surface area
3. Feed the fire a litte at a time, keeping the fire small. The smaller the fire, the smaller the smoke signature.

61
Q

How to make tallow candles

DP Skills

A
  1. Melt fat in double broiler (easy version is metal can set in 1/2 filled pot of water)
  2. Once melted, let cool slightly, but not to point of setting
  3. Straighten out a wick, pinch between two sticks/pencils centered over the mouth of the container. Tie sticks together to hold wick in fixed position.
  4. Warm the container if it is glass
  5. Pour tallow into the container, make sure wick centered
  6. Let cool/harden.
62
Q

Cattail tinder

DP Skills

A

Collect fuzzy mass just as it starts to peel from the seed head and expand.

1. Survival skills (13 decks)

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