FIP, FeLV, Feline Respiratory Disease Flashcards by Danica Polbos

An immune-mediated disease triggered by infection with a feline coronavirus

Feline infectious peritonitis

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In FIP, this is hypotheses which states that cats are infected with the primarily avirulent FCoV that replicates in enterocytes.

internal mutation theory

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In FIP, this is hypotheses which states that existence of distinct circulating virulent and avirulent strains in a population, and exposure to the pathogenic strain, the viral load, and the cat’s immune response determine whether FIP will develop.

second hypothesis

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In both hypotheses, the key pathogenic event in the development of FIP is:

massive replication of FCoV in macrophages

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Susceptibility to FIP is a polygenic inherited trait in:

Persians and Birmans

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Breeds with higher prevalence of FIP

Abyssinian, Bengal, Birman, Himalayan, Ragdoll, and Rex

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The mode of transmission for FCoV)

fecal-oral transmission (or less commonly, inhalation)

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Identify the organs FCoV-infected macrophage invade and replicate:

Cecum
Colon
Intestinal lymph nodes
Spleen
Liver
CNS

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Clinical signs and pathologic findings of FIP are consequences of:

vasculitis

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When does FIP generally becomes apparent?

a few weeks to 2 yr after the mutation has occurred

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Which time period, expressed in months, represents the highest risk for cats to develop Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) following infection with Feline Coronavirus (FCoV)?

6-18 mo

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Which form of FIP is characterized by a fibrinous peritonitis, pleuritis, and/or pericarditis with effusion?

Effusive, exudative, “wet form”

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Which form of FIP is characterized by granulomatous changes in different organs that may include the eyes and CNS?

Noneffusive, nonexudative, granulomatous, parenchymatous “dry form”

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In case of FIP, cats with ascites are commonly observed to have an?

abdominal swelling

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Cats with FIP may suffer to dyspnea, tachypnea, open-mouth breathing, or cyanotic mucous membranes. And this is a result of:

Thoracic effusion

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Cats affected by FIP without obvious effusion are mainly affected by:

granulomatous changes

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What radiological finding might be observed in the lungs of a FIP-infected cat exhibiting dyspnea?

patchy densities

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What is the most common ocular lesions in cats with suspected FIP?

retinal changes

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What ophthalmological sign, characterized by “fuzzy grayish lines” alongside retinal blood vessels, is associated with Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)?

Cuffing of the retinal vasculature

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What ocular sign seen in FIP, characterized by cloudiness in the anterior chamber and detectable with focal illumination in a darkened room, indicates uveitis?

Aqueous flare

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What ocular finding, characterized by inflammatory cells settling on the back of the cornea and potentially obscured by the nictitating membrane, is referred to as?

keratic precipitates

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Finding ____ on a CT scan is suggestive of neurologic FIP.

hydrocephalus

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What type of intestinal lesion has been histologically associated with Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) in cats?

Solitary mural intestinal lesions

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Traditionally considered the gold standard for diagnosis of FIP:

Histopathology

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Identify the three hematology results of FIP-infected patients

Lymphopenia Neutrophilia Mild to moderate normocytic, normochromic anemia

Identify the four serum biochemistry results of FIP-infected patients

Hyperproteinemia Hyperglobulinemia Low or low-normal serum albumin Albumin: globulin (A:G) ratio

Magnitude increase as FIP progresses especially in effusive cases

Hyperbilirubinemia

Commercial testing of serum FCoV antibodies typically use:

ELISA Indirect immunofluroescence antibody (IFA)

What is the typical timeframe, in weeks, for a cat to seroconvert after infection with Feline Coronavirus (FCoV)?

2-3 weeks

Ascites is the most common encountered body cavity effusion in cases of FIP. Identify the others that might be present:

Pleural effusion Pericardial effusion

What type of samples, specifically related to fluid accumulation, are considered valuable diagnostic tools for FIP?

peritoneal or pleural effusions

For diagnosis of FIP, what classification of effusion fluid is indicated by a sample with a protein concentration exceeding 35 g/l?

Exudate

What classification of effusion fluid is indicated by a sample with a low cell count?

modified transudate

A simple, inexpensive method that does not require special laboratory equipment and can be performed easily in private practice for FIP diagnosis:

Rivalta’s test

Rivalta’s test, what concentration of vinegar is added to the distilled water?

98%

What are the characteristic histological changes identified in affected tissues that historically provided a definitive diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)?

Pyogranulomatous parenchymal foci Perivascular mononuclear infiltrates Fibrinous polyserositis

What organs are typically sampled for histopathological examination in the diagnosis of Feline Infectious Peritonitis?

Mesenteric lymph nodes Liver Kidney Spleen Thorax

Considered the most specific test to confirm FIP:

Immunostaining of FCoV antigen

It is the index for quality of life:

Karnofsky score

A thromboxane synthetase inhibitor that inhibits platelet aggregation used to treat FIP-infected patients:

Ozagrel hydrochloride

A drug that decreases vasculitis and inhibits several cytokines that may be beneficial to FIP-infected cats:

Pentoxifylline

Enumerate 5 immune modulators that is used to treat cats with FIP

Propionibacterium acnes Acemannan Tylosin Promodulin Interferon-α

This drug has a direct antiviral effect, and in vitro antiviral efficacy against an FIP-causing FCoV strain has been demonstrated.

Human interferon-α

In a controlled study, what was the survival duration of FIP-affected cats administered interferon-α and Propionibacterium acnes?

~3 wk

Name of vaccine available for FIP prevention.

Primucell FIP

What are the synonyms for Feline Leukemia Virus?

Feline sarcoma and leukemia virus Feline sarcoma virus

The considered final stage of FeLV:

Development of lymphomas

Which stage of FeLV infection the virus enters the blood stream and begins to distribute throughout the body?

Stage 2

Which stage of FeLV infection lymphoid system becomes infected, with further distribution throughout the body?

Stage 3

Which stage of FeLV infection cause viremia and the hemolymphatic system and intestines become infected?

Stage four

Which stage of FeLV infection where the virus infects the bone marrow affecting the cat for the rest of its life?

Stage 5

Once the FeLV take over the bone marrow, how many days will it take the virus to be released in infected wbc?

4-7 days

Stage of FeLV infection where the cat's body is overwhelmed by infection and mucosal and glandular epithelial cells become infected:

Stage 6

Which test for FeLV detect the virus's presence in white blood cells?

immunofluorescence

The median survival time after FeLV diagnosis:

2.5 years

FeLV subgroups responsible for the immunosuppression characteristic of the disease.

FeLV-A

Which FeLV subgroups causes an additional increase in the incidence of tumors and other abnormal tissue growths?

FeLV-B

Which FeLV subgroups causes severe anemia?

FeLV-C

Which FeLV subgroups leads to lymphoid depletion and immunodeficiency?

FeLV-T

Treatment aid for FeLV or FIV:

Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunomodulator (LTCI)

Enumerate the three types of vaccines for FeLV are available

Adjuvanted killed virus noninfectious vaccine Adjuvanted subunite vaccine Nonadjuvanted canarypox virus-vectored recombinant infectious vaccine

What type of virus causes feline infectious peritonitis (FIP)?

Coronavirus

What is the approximate percentage of cats in catteries that have coronavirus-specific antibodies?

90%

According to the "internal mutation theory," where does the initial replication of feline coronavirus (FCoV) occur?

Enterocytes

What is the significance of the NSP3c gene in FCoV?

Disrupted NSP3c genes are commonly found in FIP diseased tissues.

What is the primary route of Feline Coronavirus (FCoV) transmission in cats?

Fecal-oral transmission

Where is the main site of FCoV replication in a cat's body?

Intestinal epithelium

Where can FCoV be detected in healthy cats from households with endemic FCoV? a) Cerebrospinal fluid b) Circulating macrophages c) Urine d) Saliva

Circulating macrophages

What type of disease is FIP considered to be? a) A bacterial infection b) A fungal infection c) An immune complex disease d) A parasitic disease

An immune complex disease

Cats are at greatest risk of developing FIP within what timeframe after FCoV infection?

The first 6-18 months

Which of the following is NOT a previously distinguished form of FIP? a) Effusive, wet form. b) Noneffusive, dry form. c) Mixed form. d) Acute respiratory form

Acute respiratory form

What is a common clinical sign in cats with ascites?

Abdominal swelling.

What are common ocular lesions associated with FIP?

Retinal changes and uveitis

What is the most common neurologic sign in cats with FIP? a) Blindness. b) Ataxia. c) Paralysis. d) Deafness.

Ataxia.

What is a finding on a CT scan suggestive of neurologic FIP?

Hydrocephalus

Solitary mural intestinal lesions in cats with FIP can lead to:

Diarrhea, vomiting, or obstruction

Which skin condition has been described in a cat with FIP?

Skin fragility syndrome.

What is a common manifestation of mild uveitis in cats with FIP?

Color change of the iris.

What is the primary mechanism by which FIP causes clinical signs?

Vasculitis and organ damage due to immune-mediated reactions

What is the typical timeframe for FIP development after the critical FCoV mutation?

A few weeks to 2 years

What is the significance of keratic precipitates in the anterior chamber of the eye in a cat suspected of FIP?

indicates inflammatory cells associated with uveitis

Why is the differentiation between "wet" and "dry" forms of FIP not considered particularly useful?

Because both forms often occur together and can transform into each other.

What is a common hematological finding in cats with FIP? a) Polycythemia. b) Lymphopenia. c) Thrombocytosis. d) Eosinophilia.

Lymphopenia

What is the significance of a low albumin:globulin (A:G) ratio in cats suspected of FIP?

It makes FIP very likely

What are typical characteristics of FIP effusions?

Clear, viscous, straw-yellow fluid with high protein and low cell counts

What is the gold standard diagnostic test for FIP?

Histopathological examination of tissues.

What is considered the most specific test to confirm FIP?

Immunostaining of FCoV antigen in macrophages.

Which immunosuppressive drug is commonly used in cats with FIP?

Prednisolone

What is the proposed mechanism of action for pentoxifylline in treating FIP?

decreases vasculitis and inhibits cytokines

What is the general recommendation for cats that show no improvement within 3 days of FIP treatment?

Consider euthanasia