Fiona Memory

Question 1

HM

Answer 1

HM had epilepsy so had bilateral hippo removed. He could still retrieve ltm before the surgery and semantic but couldn’t create new ones. Had anterograde amnesiac (can’t creatcnew memories) and temporally graded retrograde amnesia (had less memories 1a years before surgery due to epilepsy but had ones from before that. Diff between encoding and retrieval and stm and ltm. Procedural intact., no single global memory

Question 2

Capacity

Answer 2

Miller 65: 7 +/- 2 is stm. Standing 73: ps shown up to 1000 pics could I’d those seen before with 83% accuracy. Compared: stm is 15-30s or longer W rehearsal, affected by concurrent task during storage. Long is limitless, permanent and not affected as of give disrupted task when holding info, bad for stm only

Question 3

Evidence of capacity

Answer 3

Sperling 1960: looked at memory during 50ms. Have people letters and told to report them. Span of immediate memory 4.5 items for full report. For partial report, each row had diff tone and ppl rmeebred whole row, shows superior as only conc on some

Question 4

Sensory memory

Answer 4

Visual stim is iconic, audit is echoic and touch is haptic. Sensory is any physical aspect as partial report advantage for physical parts but not for category info sperling. Large capacity, pre categorical brief time span. When time between letters and tone found immediate span 6 letters full report at 5 sec and partial 0.5s. Sperling: pre and post stim light or dark and found dark extended duration

Question 5

Visual masking

Answer 5

Forward mask is pre stim, back is after. Interruption masking used for replacement or curtailment as change stim. Sperling,: if gave mask after letters, could shorten sensory perception so it is visual. Mask influences visual after info from 2 eyes has been combined as when shown to diff eyes, mask influenced memory

Question 6

Memory models: broadbent 1958

Answer 6

S system for sensory (unlimited) p (limited, processed serially and fed back to S via rehearsal) and ltm. Filter model: attended and unattended enter sensory, goes to selective filter which determines p as unattended blocked. Then higher processing and working memory. (Stm) disputed by cocktail affect. Said forgetting for stm due to decay and interference for ltm

Question 7

Modal model Atkinson shiffrin midel 68

Answer 7

Sensory input goes to sensory memory where unattended lost, attended goes to st, and maintained by rehearsal and unrehearsed lost or encoded to ltm. Horizontal faculties as same constraints for visual, audit.. and control regulated flow between stores. Unitary models aphave unifying mechanisms of stm and ltm

Question 8

Serial order effects

Answer 8

Seen as filling fixed slots (displaced sent to ltm or lost). Found priimach and recently effect, recent in stm Murdock 62. Diff lengths didn’t matter, always found effect, primacy as shifted to ltm?. When increased time per item, should be more in ltm

Question 9

Serial order issues

Answer 9

Bjork and whitten 74: changed rehearsal for certain items but still saw primacy and distract or task didn’t affect. Badely and hitch 77: found no recench even tho no ltm. If lots of matches happened in between, performance was worse (interference)

Question 10

Ltm vs short

Answer 10

Testing broadbent idea of decay and interference. Brown 58: given pairs of letters then read numbers. When rehearsal prevented, items decay . Peterson and Peterson 59: 3 letters, then count back in 3s then recall and found forgetting . Decay occurs when items well below capacity-disputes limited slot idea.

Question 11

Decay vs interference weaknesses

Answer 11

Keppel and Underwood 62: did same experiment as peterson brown but counting for 3 or 18s over 6 trials. On 6th trial, 3s was better than 18s but at 1st trial no diff. Means interference as affected by other trials (proactive as past affect and retro when new affects old)

Question 12

Release from proactive inhibition

Answer 12

Wicked, brown and Allen 63: if switch category of items, then improve memory and break interference as if switch to letters rather than numbers in later trials, memory is better

Question 13

More decay and interference

Answer 13

Waugh and Norman 65: showed line of numbers, heard tone and told to think about the last number than the second to last time they heard it then the number that appeared after it. Should get more items the more numbers in between and time. As number of items interfere in increases, recall went down but not much diff for time so interference more than decay . Challenges vroadman as interference in stm

Question 14

Types of recall

Answer 14

Free recall/span task or cues paired association. For recognition: have exposure then test phase, easier in mri. Learn old words then see mix and have to say if old or new: hit is correct or correct rejection, miss or false alarm.

Question 15

Signal detection theory

Answer 15

Normal distribution for old items memory, should have weaker for new words. If overlapping: no diff so guessing. D prime is the distance between 2 distributions. Open to bias-beta is criteria on x which reflects bias. Subtract false alarms from hits to get d’ (how curves overlap). If overlapping completely d’ is 0, if a bit between 0 and 1 and if completely diff it’s 1 (perfect memory) to cancel bias. Cowan k rule: get ps to spot changes in stim: working memory capacity k is set size (no items) x d’

Question 16

Capacity during development

Answer 16

Capacity for stm increases as people age from 4 to 15. In verbal, complex and visual spatial tested in listening, backward counting etc.
During adolescence, increases till 17

Question 17

Limitations of memory

Answer 17

Remember more letters when they make a plausible word - ltm effects. Working mem capacity limited by number of chunks- not Miller. No bio correlate to limited slot idea- suggest is it a resource that is shared. Ps shown colours then had to pick from colour wheel- if general colour, they’re limiting resources. Found distribution around target. Mosbinding is prob of non target responses, guessing is straight line

Question 18

Extra for resource

Answer 18

If increase no items to remember, expect performance to be good for few. Found smooth decline not drop off- evidence that resource is shared between more items. Before yes got to see 5th, they blanked screen but 5th had the highest precision so prioritise next in sequence

Question 19

Ltm retrieval

Answer 19

Remember something more when it has many links (spreading activation). Paivo duel coding - easier to remember when 2 ways to code info e.g. image and words. Cortical reinstatement: similar brain activity when remembering and learning same info. Encoding spec- tulving: remember more in similar context as learnt as shown pairs and associated but not when asked to lost

Question 20

Declarative vs non

Answer 20

Dec/explicit are consol sly recalled and learnt, non is implicit. Imp: Pavlov, Warrington: amnesia patents did badly W recog task but normal when shown visually degraded versions of words and asked to guess (guess but don’t id if they’d seen them before)

Question 21

Implicit

Answer 21

Masters: found that when expl memory blocked, golfers had less strategies. On 5th session told someone was to asses and either get 15 or 1 £ if good or bad. Implicit went up so not affected by stress. Episodic and semantic disrupted in amnesia (overlap). Ltm has dec and non. Dec is sem and ep non is proc