Finance Flashcards
+ retained profit
Can invest more risk free
Doesn’t have to borrow money, less debt
Doesn’t have to try to raise the profit by selling any shares
Share (equity) capital
Money invested in business by shareholders or owners
Long term funding
Capital employed
Where business has got their money from
Capital employed includes
Share capital (equity)
Debt capital
Retained profits
Debt capital
Banks-loans and mortgages that need to be repaid
The proportion of long term funding that is debt equation - GEARING
Debt capital (NCL) / total CE (NCL+ EQUITY) x100
Gearing
Measure of risk >50%, STRUGGLE OT TAKE OUT MORE LOANS
Higher= more debt used to fund the business
Higher= business is more vulnerable to changes in interest rate
<20%, investors may ask why, why haven’t they borrowed money to expand, do they not have any plans to grow -not ambitious enough
Equity vs Debt capital
Equity
Shareholders investments
Expect dividends
More control, entitled to say how company is run , may have different objectives
Debt
Money borrowed by bak to invest
Money reaped over time depending on loan
Interest rate
Income budget
Monetary target for revenues
Used to set sales targets for departments
Informed by past data , seasonality and market research
Used to generate cash flow forecast
Why set budget s
Clear targets for team
Motivation
Allows purchasing decisions to be made by experts in that area
Enhances credibility of business plan( help gain investors)
Allows performance t be reviewed by variance analysis
Difficulties in setting budgets
Reliant on accuracy of data
Reliant of skills of entrepreneur
Unforeseen changes in external environment
Changes in costs
Competitor actions
Time consuming and expensive
Variance analysis
Comparing budget to actual performance
Budget - Actual
Net cash flow
Cash inflows- Cash outflows
Opening balance
Money left, last months closing balance
Closing balance
Opening balance + net cash flow (Inflows-outflows)
Why create cash flow forecast
Identify cash flow problems
Ensure b. Has sufficient working capital to operate (pay wages/suppliers)
Take actions to prevent problems
Show good financial performance, gain investors
Improving cash flow
Increase/reduce selling price- depends on accurate PED, how consumers react
Increase marketing- high costs
Sell equity in business, ask partner, invest- but loose control
Break even
Fc/cpu
CPU= sp-vcpu
What does break even point mean
Total revenue is equal to total costs
B. Is not making profit or loss
If below BE= loss
If above BE=profit
Contribution
Pays FC
When they are paid
Goes towards profit
Calculate Total contribution
Either
CPU x output
or
TR-Tvc
Strength of Break Even
Helps business see how many units need to be sold of any new product
Predicts profit with diff levels of output
Assess impacts fo changes of price and cost
Hello set target
Weakness of break even
Depends on reliability of forecasts
Assumes constant returns
Doesn’t include unforeseen changes
Gross profit
REV-COS