Finance Flashcards

1
Q

+ retained profit

A

Can invest more risk free
Doesn’t have to borrow money, less debt
Doesn’t have to try to raise the profit by selling any shares

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2
Q

Share (equity) capital

A

Money invested in business by shareholders or owners

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3
Q

Long term funding

A

Capital employed
Where business has got their money from

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4
Q

Capital employed includes

A

Share capital (equity)
Debt capital
Retained profits

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5
Q

Debt capital

A

Banks-loans and mortgages that need to be repaid

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6
Q

The proportion of long term funding that is debt equation - GEARING

A

Debt capital (NCL) / total CE (NCL+ EQUITY) x100

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7
Q

Gearing

A

Measure of risk >50%, STRUGGLE OT TAKE OUT MORE LOANS
Higher= more debt used to fund the business
Higher= business is more vulnerable to changes in interest rate

<20%, investors may ask why, why haven’t they borrowed money to expand, do they not have any plans to grow -not ambitious enough

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8
Q

Equity vs Debt capital

A

Equity
Shareholders investments
Expect dividends
More control, entitled to say how company is run , may have different objectives

Debt
Money borrowed by bak to invest
Money reaped over time depending on loan
Interest rate

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9
Q

Income budget

A

Monetary target for revenues
Used to set sales targets for departments
Informed by past data , seasonality and market research
Used to generate cash flow forecast

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10
Q

Why set budget s

A

Clear targets for team
Motivation
Allows purchasing decisions to be made by experts in that area
Enhances credibility of business plan( help gain investors)
Allows performance t be reviewed by variance analysis

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11
Q

Difficulties in setting budgets

A

Reliant on accuracy of data
Reliant of skills of entrepreneur
Unforeseen changes in external environment
Changes in costs
Competitor actions
Time consuming and expensive

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12
Q

Variance analysis

A

Comparing budget to actual performance

Budget - Actual

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13
Q

Net cash flow

A

Cash inflows- Cash outflows

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14
Q

Opening balance

A

Money left, last months closing balance

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15
Q

Closing balance

A

Opening balance + net cash flow (Inflows-outflows)

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16
Q

Why create cash flow forecast

A

Identify cash flow problems
Ensure b. Has sufficient working capital to operate (pay wages/suppliers)
Take actions to prevent problems
Show good financial performance, gain investors

17
Q

Improving cash flow

A

Increase/reduce selling price- depends on accurate PED, how consumers react

Increase marketing- high costs

Sell equity in business, ask partner, invest- but loose control

18
Q

Break even

A

Fc/cpu
CPU= sp-vcpu

19
Q

What does break even point mean

A

Total revenue is equal to total costs
B. Is not making profit or loss
If below BE= loss
If above BE=profit

20
Q

Contribution

A

Pays FC
When they are paid
Goes towards profit

21
Q

Calculate Total contribution

A

Either
CPU x output
or
TR-Tvc

22
Q

Strength of Break Even

A

Helps business see how many units need to be sold of any new product
Predicts profit with diff levels of output
Assess impacts fo changes of price and cost
Hello set target

23
Q

Weakness of break even

A

Depends on reliability of forecasts
Assumes constant returns
Doesn’t include unforeseen changes

24
Q

Gross profit

25
OP
Gross profit-operating expenses
26
Profit of the year
OP+proft from other-net costs+tax
27
Internal sources of finance
Selling assets Owners investing
28
Debt factoring - internal source of finance -short term
Only used if business needs help, not first place go to raise finance Buys debt from b, they collect the money from customer - increase receivable days, get cash immediately , reduce risk fo bad debt However. Harm rep, if debt factoring is agg when chasing customer May only receive 80% of sales value
29
Overdraft- short term
Arrangement with bank to overspend on account Cover seasonal changes in demand and short term falls of cash ie awaiting customer payment However, high rate of interest May need to support evidence that can pay back to bank, time consuming
30
Short term sources of finance
Debt factoring Overdraft
31
Long term sources of finance
Retained profit Share capital Loans Venture capital
32
Retained profit - internal
Money saved by you, ie pocket money Can be used for any purposes Invest in new capital, machinery, generate revenue for b. In long run Quick, easy accessible Not restrictions, in dividends or interest, no loss of control Reduces availability of dividends to shareholders Opportunity cost
33
Share capital
Equity invested by shareholders in return for a share of profits an ownership of b- part ownership Limited liability, encourage investors Don’t have to pay dividends Additional expertise Investment is permanent Improves brand image- easier to raise loan capital But Pressure to pay dividends Loss of control
34
Loans
Funds needed to be repaid with interest over fixed period Relatively quick and easy to secure , specific to business, fixed repayment scedule , no loss for ownership But Inflexible Interest payments
35
Venture capital
Money invested into business by another businesss Used to finance expansion of small to medium size Useful if can’t find investment from other sources Source of advice snd support But Partial loss of ownership Conflict