Finalsss Flashcards
An eminent characteristic
or ruling passion so
outstanding that it
dominates their lives
So obvious that they
cannot be hidden
Cardinal Traits
5 to 10 most outstanding
characteristics around
which a person’s life
focuses
Central Traits
Less conspicuous (visible)
but far greater in number
than central dispositions
Secondary Traits
Intensely experienced dispositions
Initiates actions
Ex. Wearing clothes to keep warm
Motivational dispositions receive its
motivation from basic needs and drives
Motivational Dispositions
LESS intensely experienced dispositions
Guides Action
Ex. Styling a particular fashion on the
clothes you wear
Stylistic Dispositions
Traits possessed in some degree by all
persons
Ex. Intelligence, Extraversion,
Gregariousness
Common Traits
Traits possessed by one or a few persons
Ex. Interest on particular field, such as
Sports, History, etc.
Unique Traits
Traits that describe our
skills and how efficiently
we will be able to work
toward our goals
Ex. Intelligence
Ability Traits
Traits that describe our
general behavioral
style in responding to
our environment
Ex. Assertiveness,
Irritableness
Temperament Traits
Traits that describe our
motivations and interests
Driving forces of behavior
Dynamic Traits
Traits that show a correlation but do not
constitute a factor because they are not
determined by a single source
Composed of several elements
Less stable and permanent
Less important in describing personality
Ex.
Anxiety
Indecision
Irrational Fear
Surface Traits
Stable and permanent traits that are the
basic factors of personality, derived by
the method of factor analysis
Source Traits
Source traits that depend on our
physiological characteristics
Constitutional Traits
Source traits that are learned from social
and environmental interactions
Environmental –mold Traits
Deductive Method
Self-report Questionnaires
Bipolar Factors Traits
3 personality factors
Types or Super factors
EYSENCK
Inductive Method
L-Data, Q-Data, T-Data
(Source Traits, Surface Traits etc)
16 personality factors
Large number of traits
CATTEL
Three Bipolar Factors
Extraversion – Introversion
Neuroticism – Stability
Psychoticism – Superego Function
Calm, even-tempered, self-satisfied, and unemotional
Low on Neuroticism
Anxious, temperamental,
self-pitying, self-conscious, emotional and
vulnerable to stress related disorders
High on Neuroticism
Reserved, quiet, loners,
passive, and lacking the
ability to express strong
emotion
Low on Extraversion
Affectionate, jovial,
talkative, joiners, and fun-loving
High on Extraversion
Conventional, down-to-earth, conservative, and
lack in curiosity
Low on Openness
Creative, imaginative,
curious, liberal, and have a
preference for variety
High on Openness
Suspicious, stingy,
unfriendly, irritable, and
critical of other people
Low on Agreeableness
Trusting, generous,
yielding, acceptant, and
good-natured
High on Agreeablenes
Disorganized, negligent,
lazy, and aimless
Low on Conscientiousness
Hardworking, punctual,
and persevering
High on Conscientiousness
Observation allows people to learn without performing any behavior
Observational Learning
The core of observational learning
Modelling
unintended meeting of persons unfamiliar to each other
Chance Encounter
environmental experience that is unexpected and
unintended
Fortuitous Event
People are self-regulating, proactive, self-reflective, and self-organizing and that they have the power to influence their own actions to produce desired consequences
Human Agency
To acts a person performs intentionally/purposely
Intentionality
To set goals, to anticipate likely outcomes of their actions, and to select behaviors that will produce desired outcomes and avoid undesirable ones
Forethought
Process of motivating and regulating own actions
Self-reactiveness
Think about and evaluate motivations, values and the meanings of their life goals
Self-Reflectiveness
Beliefs of capability to perform actions that will produce a desire effect
Self-Efficacy
one’s prediction of the likely consequence of that
behavior
Outcome expectations
how a person behaves
temperament
why one behaves
Motivation
how far or how fast one can perform
Ability
the largest and most frequently studied of the normal traits are the
16 Personality Factors Questionnaire (16 PF Scale)
Skinner did not claim that observable behavior is limited to ______. Private behaviors such as thinking, remembering, and anticipating are all observable by the person experiencing them.
External Events
reinforcing approximation of the targeted behavior until such time that the organism finally do what we intend them to do.
Shaping
a response to a similar environment in the absence of previous reinforcements. they react to a new situation in the same manner that they reacted to an earlier one because the two situations possess same identical elements.
Stimulus Generalization
environmental stimuli that are not by nature satisfying but become so because they are associated with such unlearned or primary reinforcers (food, water, sex, or physical comfort)
Conditioned Reinforcers
associated with more than one primary reinforcer
Generalized Reinforcer
aka forgetting
extinction
according to Skinner, human behavior is shaped by three forces:
Natural Selection
Cultural Practices
Individual’s history of reinforcement
people withdraw from the controlling agent
Escape
behave more actively, counterattacking the controlling agent.
Revolt
they are more subtle than those who rebel and more irritating to the controllers than those who rely on escape
Passive Resistance
learning by observing others
Vicarious Learning
the people’s shared beliefs that they can bring about change.
Collective Efficacy
internal factor that increases self-efficacy. priori achievements demonstrate our capabilities and strengthen our feelings of self-efficacy.
Mastery Experiences
“if they can do it, so can I”
Social Modeling
involves simply reminding people that they have the ability to achieve whatever they want to achieve, can enhance self-efficacy
Social Persuasion
the more fear, anxiety, or tension we experience in a given situation, the less we feel able to cope.
Physical and Emotional States
Overt or Vicarious Modeling
Observe
Covert or Cognitive Modeling
Visualize
Enactive Mastery
Perform
If a particular behavior carries a positive reinforcement value greater than the other, then that behavior has the greatest occurrence potential
Behavior Potential
college students whose previous hard work has been
reinforced by high grades will have a generalized expectancy of future reward and will work hard in a variety of academic situations
Generalized Expectancies
Low anxiety, High self-esteem
Internal Locus of Control
_____ people, who believe that their behaviors and abilities make no difference in the reinforcers they receive, may see little value in exerting any effort to improve their situation
External Locus of Control
self-imposed goals and self-produced
consequences to control own behavior
Self-Regulatory Strategies
vast array of information we acquire about the world
and our relationship to it
Competencies
people’s ways of categorizing information received from external stimuli
Encoding Strategies
How you view your world
Subjective Reality or World
Outlook on life
Use to Predict Behavior
Personal Construct
Person as a ____
Scientist
Permeability or Permeable
Fixed
We decide how we see our world
Constructive Alternativism
Fundamental/ Basic Postulate
Thinking in Advance
Construction Corollary
Similarities among events
*Lagi kang tinitingnan nung may crush sayo, kaya pag may laging tumitingin sayo naiisip mo na crush ka nila
Individuality Corollary
Person differs from each other in their construction of events
Differences among people
*Same experience, different approach
Organization Corollary
Characteristically evolve for convenience in anticipating events
*Laging cold iniinom mo, so nung pinapili ka kung hot or cold water, you choose hot water
Superordinate
more important
Subordinate
less important
Dichotomy Corollary
dichotomy of constructs
If I do this, then…
black - white
Choice Corollary
Choice between dichotomies
Range Corollary
Range of Convenience
Comprehensive
Applicable to many events
Incedental
Narrow application
Experience Corollary
Experience consists of the successive construing of events
Experience Learning
Modulation Corollary
Adaptation to experience
Nonnegotiable
Preemptive
Stereotyping
Constellatory
Propositional Construct
Open-Minded
Fragmentation Corollary or Incompatible Construct
Not all Personal Construct are consistent / incompatible
Commonality Corollary
Similarities among people
Sociality Corollary or Social Process
Role
teacher - expected to teach
Circumspection Phase
people consider several constructs
OPTIONS
Preemptive Phase
person reduces number of constructs
NARROWING
