Finals_Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid Base Balance Flashcards
delicate balance of fluids,
electrolytes, and acids and bases maintained in the
body
HOMEOSTASIS
primary body fluid
Water
Percentage of water in an average healthy adult’s, infant, and people older than 50 weight respectively
- 60% of average healthy adult’s
weight - 70% to 80% in infants weight
- 50% to people
older than 50
TWO COMPARTMENTS OF BODY’S FLUID
INTRACELLULAR FLUID (ICF)
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF)
found within the cells of the body; 2/3 of the total body fluid in adults
INTRACELLULAR FLUID (ICF)
found outside the cells; 1/3 of the total body fluid
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF)
Two sub types of EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF)
INTRAVASCULAR FLUID (PLASMA)
INTERSTITIAL FLUID
COMPOSITION OF BODY FLUIDS
- Ions
- Cations
- Anions
- Electrolytes
COMPOSITION OF BODY FLUIDS
- charged particles
Ions
COMPOSITION OF BODY FLUIDS
- ions that carry a positive
charge
Cations
COMPOSITION OF BODY FLUIDS
- ions that carry a negative
charge
Anions
COMPOSITION OF BODY FLUIDS
- minerals in the body
that have electrical charge;
chemicals from which ions are
made
Electrolytes
How are Electrolytes measured?
in milliequivalents per Liter of water
(mEq/L) or milligrams per 100 milliliters (mg/100mL)
MOVEMENT OF BODY FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES
◎ Osmosis
◎ Diffusion
◎ Filtration
◎ Active Transport
Movement of water across cell membranes, from the less concentrated solution to the more concentrated solution
OSMOSIS
substances dissolved in a liquid
Solute
component that can dissolve a solute
Solvent
the concentration of solutes in body fluids; solute per kilogram of water
OSMOLALITY
power of a solution to draw water
across a semipermeable membrane
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
pulls water from the interstitial space into the vascular compartment
COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE (ONCOTIC PRESSURE)
Types of Solutions
- Isotonic solution
- Hypertonic solution
- Hypotonic solution
Identify the Types of Solutions
- solute and solvent are equal
- given to patients with no problem in their body fluids to administer medications
Isotonic solution
Identify the Types of Solutions
- higher osmolality than body
fluids; cells shrink
- given to patients with water retention
Hypertonic solution
Identify the Types of Solutions
- lower osmolality than body
fluids
- cells swell
- given to patients who experience dehydration
Hypotonic solution
Movement of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
DIFFUSION
Fluid and solutes move together across a membranes from an area of higher pressure to one of lower pressure.
FILTRATION
2 types of pressure associated in Filtration
Filtration and Hydrostatic Pressure
pressure in the compartment that results in the movement.
Filtration pressure
Arterial end of net filtration pressure is?
BP is +10mm Hg
Venous end net filtration pressure
- 7 mm Hg
pressure exerted by a fluid within a
closed system on the walls of the container in which it is contained.
Hydrostatic pressure
Normal Pressure of Blood
25 mm Hg
Substances can move across cell membranes from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated one by expending energy
ACTIVE TRANSPORT
REGULATING BODY FLUIDS
◎ Fluid Intake
◎ Fluid Output
◎ Maintaining Homeostasis
average adult needs how many mL of fluid per day
2,500 mL per day.
Oral fluids = 1,200 to 1,500 mL
Water in foods = 1,000 mL
Water as by-product of food
metabolism = 200 mL
TOTAL = 2,400 to 2,700 mL
Familiarize
- primary regulator of fluid intake
- located in the hypothalamus of
the brain.
Thirst mechanism
How long does it take for fluid to be absorbed and distributed throughout the body
30 minutes to 1 hour
Fluid losses that counterbalance the adult’s 2,500-mL average fluid intake.
Fluid Output
Urine = 1,400 to 1,500 mL
Insensible Losses
- Lungs (water vapor in the expired air)
and Skin = 350 mL to 400 mL
Sweat = 100 mL
Feces = 100 mL to 200 mL
TOTAL = 2,300-2,600 mL
Familiarize
Homeostatic regulators/mechanisms
- Kidneys
- Antidiuretic Hormone
- Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
- Atrial Natriuretic Factor
Homeostatic regulators/mechanisms
- Primary regulator of body fluids and electrolyte balance.
- Regulates water and electrolyte secretion
- Plays a significant role in acid-base regulation, excreting hydrogen ion (H+) and retaining bicarbonate
Kidneys
Homeostatic regulators/mechanisms
- Regulates water excretion from the kidney
- Synthesized in the anterior portion of the
hypothalamus
- Produced when serum osmolality rises
- suppressed when serum osmolality decreases
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Homeostatic regulators/mechanisms
- Restore blood volume (and renal perfusion) through sodium and
water retention
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: in order
- When blood flow or pressure to kidneys decreases, renin is released.
- Renin causes the conversion of angiotensin to angiotensin I, which is
converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme. - Angiotensin II acts directly on the nephrons to promote Sodium and
water retention. - Stimulates the release of Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. It
promotes sodium retention.
Homeostatic regulators/mechanisms
- Released from cells in the atrium of the heart in response to excess blood volume and stretching the atrial walls.
- Promotes sodium wasting and acts as a potent diuretic, thus reducing vascular volume
- Reduces thirst, reducing fluid intake
Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)
REGULATING ELECTROLYTES IMPORTANCE
- Maintaining fluid balance
- Contributing to acid-base regulation
- Facilitating enzyme reactions
- Transmitting neuromuscular reactions
Electrolytes Examples
◎ Sodium (Na+)
◎ Potassium (K+)
◎ Calcium (Ca++)
◎ Magnesium (Mg++)
◎ Chloride (Cl-)
◎ Phosphate (PO4-)
◎ Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
Identify the Electrolytes being described
- Most abundant cation in the ECF and a major contribution to serum osmolality
- Normal value: 135-145 mEq/L
- Aids in transmitting nerve impulses and contracting muscles
Sodium (Na+)
Identify the Electrolytes being described
- Major cation in ICF, with only small amount found in ECF.
- Normal serum levels: 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L
- Vital electrolyte for skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle activity.
- Must be consumed everyday because the body cannot conserve it.
- Sources: avocado, raw carrot, spinach, dried fruits, banana, apricot, orange, beef, pork, milk
Potassium (K+)
Identify the Electrolytes being described
- 99% of Calcium is found in the skeletal system, with a relatively small amount in the ECF.
- Vital in regulating muscle contraction and relaxation, neuromuscular function, and cardiac function
- Normal total serum levels: 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
- Normal ionized serum levels: 4-5 mg/dL
- Parathyroid hormone and calcitriol increase serum Ca++ levels; calcitonin decreases serum levels
- Daily intake should be 1,000-1,500 mg of Calcium
Calcium (Ca++)
Identify the Electrolytes being described
- Primarily found in the skeleton and in ICF
- Second most abundant ICF cation
- Normal serum levels: 1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L
- Aids in relaxing muscle contractions, transmitting nerve impulses, regulating cardiac function, and intracellular metabolism.
- Sources: cereal grains, nuts, dried fruits, legumes, green, leafy vegetables, dairy products, meat, fish
Magnesium (Mg++)
Identify the Electrolytes being described
- Major anion of the ECF
- Normal serum levels: 95 to 108 mg/dL
- When sodium is reabsorbed in the kidney, chloride usually follows.
- Major component of gastric juice (HCl), and is involved in regulating acid-base balance.
- Found in the same foods as Sodium.
Chloride (Cl-)
Identify the Electrolytes being described
- Major anion of ICF
- Also found in the ECF, bone, skeletal muscle, and nerve tissue
- Normal serum levels: 2.5 to 4.5 mg/dL
- Aids in metabolizing Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat; it is absorbed in the intestines
- Sources: meat, fish, poultry, milk products, legumes
Phosphate (PO4-)
Identify the Electrolytes being described
- Present in both ICF and ECF
- Primary function is to regulate acid-base balance (major body buffer)
- Regenerated by the kidneys
- ECF bicarbonate levels are regulated by the kidney
- Produced through metabolic processes
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+)
Acid
have a low hydrogen ion concentration and can accept hydrogen ions in solution.
Bases (Alkalis)
- the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution
- reflects the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution (inversely proportional)
pH
normal pH
7.35-7.45