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Fundamentals of Nursing Lec > Finals_Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid Base Balance > Flashcards

Finals_Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid Base Balance Flashcards

1
Q

delicate balance of fluids,
electrolytes, and acids and bases maintained in the
body

A

HOMEOSTASIS

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2
Q

primary body fluid

A

Water

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3
Q

Percentage of water in an average healthy adult’s, infant, and people older than 50 weight respectively

A
  • 60% of average healthy adult’s
    weight
  • 70% to 80% in infants weight
  • 50% to people
    older than 50
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4
Q

TWO COMPARTMENTS OF BODY’S FLUID

A

INTRACELLULAR FLUID (ICF)
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF)

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5
Q

found within the cells of the body; 2/3 of the total body fluid in adults

A

INTRACELLULAR FLUID (ICF)

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6
Q

found outside the cells; 1/3 of the total body fluid

A

EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF)

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7
Q

Two sub types of EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF)

A

INTRAVASCULAR FLUID (PLASMA)
INTERSTITIAL FLUID

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8
Q

COMPOSITION OF BODY FLUIDS

A
  • Ions
  • Cations
  • Anions
  • Electrolytes
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9
Q

COMPOSITION OF BODY FLUIDS
- charged particles

A

Ions

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10
Q

COMPOSITION OF BODY FLUIDS
- ions that carry a positive
charge

A

Cations

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11
Q

COMPOSITION OF BODY FLUIDS
- ions that carry a negative
charge

A

Anions

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12
Q

COMPOSITION OF BODY FLUIDS
- minerals in the body
that have electrical charge;
chemicals from which ions are
made

A

Electrolytes

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13
Q

How are Electrolytes measured?

A

in milliequivalents per Liter of water
(mEq/L) or milligrams per 100 milliliters (mg/100mL)

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14
Q

MOVEMENT OF BODY FLUIDS AND ELECTROLYTES

A

◎ Osmosis
◎ Diffusion
◎ Filtration
◎ Active Transport

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15
Q

Movement of water across cell membranes, from the less concentrated solution to the more concentrated solution

A

OSMOSIS

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16
Q

substances dissolved in a liquid

A

Solute

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17
Q

component that can dissolve a solute

A

Solvent

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18
Q

the concentration of solutes in body fluids; solute per kilogram of water

A

OSMOLALITY

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19
Q

power of a solution to draw water
across a semipermeable membrane

A

OSMOTIC PRESSURE

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20
Q

pulls water from the interstitial space into the vascular compartment

A

COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE (ONCOTIC PRESSURE)

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21
Q

Types of Solutions

A
  • Isotonic solution
  • Hypertonic solution
  • Hypotonic solution
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22
Q

Identify the Types of Solutions
- solute and solvent are equal
- given to patients with no problem in their body fluids to administer medications

A

Isotonic solution

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23
Q

Identify the Types of Solutions
- higher osmolality than body
fluids; cells shrink
- given to patients with water retention

A

Hypertonic solution

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24
Q

Identify the Types of Solutions
- lower osmolality than body
fluids
- cells swell
- given to patients who experience dehydration

A

Hypotonic solution

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25
Q

Movement of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

A

DIFFUSION

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26
Q

Fluid and solutes move together across a membranes from an area of higher pressure to one of lower pressure.

A

FILTRATION

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27
Q

2 types of pressure associated in Filtration

A

Filtration and Hydrostatic Pressure

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28
Q

pressure in the compartment that results in the movement.

A

Filtration pressure

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29
Q

Arterial end of net filtration pressure is?

A

BP is +10mm Hg

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30
Q

Venous end net filtration pressure

A
  • 7 mm Hg
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31
Q

pressure exerted by a fluid within a
closed system on the walls of the container in which it is contained.

A

Hydrostatic pressure

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32
Q

Normal Pressure of Blood

A

25 mm Hg

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33
Q

Substances can move across cell membranes from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated one by expending energy

A

ACTIVE TRANSPORT

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34
Q

REGULATING BODY FLUIDS

A

◎ Fluid Intake
◎ Fluid Output
◎ Maintaining Homeostasis

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35
Q

average adult needs how many mL of fluid per day

A

2,500 mL per day.

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36
Q

Oral fluids = 1,200 to 1,500 mL
Water in foods = 1,000 mL
Water as by-product of food
metabolism = 200 mL
TOTAL = 2,400 to 2,700 mL

A

Familiarize

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37
Q
  • primary regulator of fluid intake
  • located in the hypothalamus of
    the brain.
A

Thirst mechanism

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38
Q

How long does it take for fluid to be absorbed and distributed throughout the body

A

30 minutes to 1 hour

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39
Q

Fluid losses that counterbalance the adult’s 2,500-mL average fluid intake.

A

Fluid Output

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40
Q

Urine = 1,400 to 1,500 mL
Insensible Losses
- Lungs (water vapor in the expired air)
and Skin = 350 mL to 400 mL
Sweat = 100 mL
Feces = 100 mL to 200 mL
TOTAL = 2,300-2,600 mL

A

Familiarize

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41
Q

Homeostatic regulators/mechanisms

A
  1. Kidneys
  2. Antidiuretic Hormone
  3. Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
  4. Atrial Natriuretic Factor
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42
Q

Homeostatic regulators/mechanisms
- Primary regulator of body fluids and electrolyte balance.
- Regulates water and electrolyte secretion
- Plays a significant role in acid-base regulation, excreting hydrogen ion (H+) and retaining bicarbonate

A

Kidneys

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43
Q

Homeostatic regulators/mechanisms
- Regulates water excretion from the kidney
- Synthesized in the anterior portion of the
hypothalamus
- Produced when serum osmolality rises
- suppressed when serum osmolality decreases

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

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44
Q

Homeostatic regulators/mechanisms
- Restore blood volume (and renal perfusion) through sodium and
water retention

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

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45
Q

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System: in order

A
  1. When blood flow or pressure to kidneys decreases, renin is released.
  2. Renin causes the conversion of angiotensin to angiotensin I, which is
    converted to angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme.
  3. Angiotensin II acts directly on the nephrons to promote Sodium and
    water retention.
  4. Stimulates the release of Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. It
    promotes sodium retention.
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46
Q

Homeostatic regulators/mechanisms
- Released from cells in the atrium of the heart in response to excess blood volume and stretching the atrial walls.
- Promotes sodium wasting and acts as a potent diuretic, thus reducing vascular volume
- Reduces thirst, reducing fluid intake

A

Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF)

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47
Q

REGULATING ELECTROLYTES IMPORTANCE

A
  1. Maintaining fluid balance
  2. Contributing to acid-base regulation
  3. Facilitating enzyme reactions
  4. Transmitting neuromuscular reactions
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48
Q

Electrolytes Examples

A

◎ Sodium (Na+)
◎ Potassium (K+)
◎ Calcium (Ca++)
◎ Magnesium (Mg++)
◎ Chloride (Cl-)
◎ Phosphate (PO4-)
◎ Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

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49
Q

Identify the Electrolytes being described
- Most abundant cation in the ECF and a major contribution to serum osmolality
- Normal value: 135-145 mEq/L
- Aids in transmitting nerve impulses and contracting muscles

A

Sodium (Na+)

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50
Q

Identify the Electrolytes being described
- Major cation in ICF, with only small amount found in ECF.
- Normal serum levels: 3.5 to 5.0 mEq/L
- Vital electrolyte for skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle activity.
- Must be consumed everyday because the body cannot conserve it.
- Sources: avocado, raw carrot, spinach, dried fruits, banana, apricot, orange, beef, pork, milk

A

Potassium (K+)

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51
Q

Identify the Electrolytes being described
- 99% of Calcium is found in the skeletal system, with a relatively small amount in the ECF.
- Vital in regulating muscle contraction and relaxation, neuromuscular function, and cardiac function
- Normal total serum levels: 8.5-10.5 mg/dL
- Normal ionized serum levels: 4-5 mg/dL
- Parathyroid hormone and calcitriol increase serum Ca++ levels; calcitonin decreases serum levels
- Daily intake should be 1,000-1,500 mg of Calcium

A

Calcium (Ca++)

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52
Q

Identify the Electrolytes being described
- Primarily found in the skeleton and in ICF
- Second most abundant ICF cation
- Normal serum levels: 1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L
- Aids in relaxing muscle contractions, transmitting nerve impulses, regulating cardiac function, and intracellular metabolism.
- Sources: cereal grains, nuts, dried fruits, legumes, green, leafy vegetables, dairy products, meat, fish

A

Magnesium (Mg++)

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53
Q

Identify the Electrolytes being described
- Major anion of the ECF
- Normal serum levels: 95 to 108 mg/dL
- When sodium is reabsorbed in the kidney, chloride usually follows.
- Major component of gastric juice (HCl), and is involved in regulating acid-base balance.
- Found in the same foods as Sodium.

A

Chloride (Cl-)

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54
Q

Identify the Electrolytes being described
- Major anion of ICF
- Also found in the ECF, bone, skeletal muscle, and nerve tissue
- Normal serum levels: 2.5 to 4.5 mg/dL
- Aids in metabolizing Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat; it is absorbed in the intestines
- Sources: meat, fish, poultry, milk products, legumes

A

Phosphate (PO4-)

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55
Q

Identify the Electrolytes being described
- Present in both ICF and ECF
- Primary function is to regulate acid-base balance (major body buffer)
- Regenerated by the kidneys
- ECF bicarbonate levels are regulated by the kidney
- Produced through metabolic processes

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

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56
Q

substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+)

A

Acid

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57
Q

have a low hydrogen ion concentration and can accept hydrogen ions in solution.

A

Bases (Alkalis)

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58
Q
  • the relative acidity or alkalinity of a solution
  • reflects the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution (inversely proportional)
A

pH

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59
Q

normal pH

A

7.35-7.45

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60
Q

How does our body Regulate acid base balance

A
  1. Buffers
  2. Respiratory Regulation
  3. Renal Regulation
61
Q

Identify the type of regulation method of the body
- prevent excessive changes in pH by removing or releasing
hydrogen ions

62
Q

Major buffer systems in the ECF

A
  • Bicarbonate (HCO3-)
  • Carbonic acid (H2CO3)
63
Q

Major buffer systems in the ECF
- acid buffer; opponent of acids

A

Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

64
Q

Major buffer systems in the ECF
- weak acid

A

Carbonic acid (H2CO3)

65
Q

Ratio of carbonic acid and bicarbonic acid to achieve Normal pH

A

1 part Carbonic Acid (1.2 mEq/L) : 20 parts bicarbonate (24 mEq/L)

66
Q

adding a strong acid in the ECF, depleting the
bicarbonate and lowering the pH levels

67
Q

adding a strong base to the ECF, depleting carbonic acid as it combines with the base, increasing the
pH levels.

68
Q

Identify the type of regulation method of the body
- lungs help regulate acid-base balance by
eliminating or retaining Carbon Dioxide (CO2), a
potential acid.

A

RESPIRATORY REGULATION

69
Q

Components of Carbonic acid

A

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) + Water (H2O)

70
Q

High Carbonic acid and CO2 or High Bicarbonate levels?
- respiration rate and depth increases, exhaling CO2 and decreasing carbonic acid levels

A

High Carbonic acid (H2CO3) and CO2 levels

71
Q

High Carbonic acid and CO2 or High Bicarbonate levels?
- the respiration rate
and dept are reduced, retaining CO2 and increasing carbonic acid levels

A

High Bicarbonate (HCO3-) levels

72
Q

Identify the type of regulation method of the body
- Kidneys are the ultimate long-term regulator of acidbase
balance, although slower to respond to changes.
- reabsorbing and regenerating
bicarbonate and hydrogen ions

A

RENAL REGULATION

73
Q

Components of Carbonic Acid

A

Hydrogen ion (H+) +
Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

74
Q

what does kidney do when there is High H+ ions (acidic) in body?

A
  • kidneys reabsorb and
    regenerate bicarbonate and excrete hydrogen ions
  • H2CO3&raquo_space; H+ (excreted) and HCO3- (retained)
75
Q

what does the kidney do when there is Low H+ ions (alkalosis) in the body

A
  • excess bicarbonate is
    excreted and H+ ion is retained
  • H2CO3&raquo_space; H+ (retained) and HCO3- (excreted)
76
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING BODY FLUID, ELECTROLYTES, AND
ACID-BASE BALANCE:

A

◎ Age
◎ Gender and Body Size
◎ Environmental Temperature
◎ Lifestyle

77
Q

Two basic types of Fluid Imbalances

A

Isotonic and Osmolar

78
Q

Identify which of the Two basic types of Fluid Imbalances
- water and electrolytes are lost or gained in equal proportions

79
Q

Identify which of the Two basic types of Fluid Imbalances
- loss or gain of only water, so that the osmolality of the serum is altered (electrolytes are concentrated)

80
Q

Four Categories of Fluid Imbalances

A

◎ Fluid Volume Deficit
◎ Fluid Volume Excess
◎ Dehydration (hyperosmolar imbalance)
◎ Overhydration (hypo-osmolar imbalance) 47

81
Q

Identify the fluid imbalance being described
- body loses both water and electrolytes from the ECF (intravascular compartment) in similar
proportions

A

Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD) or Hypovolemia

82
Q

Identify the fluid imbalance being described
Causes:
○ Abnormal losses through the skin, GI tract, kidney
○ Movement of fluid in a third space (area that
deems the fluid unavailable for us)
48

A

Fluid Volume Deficit (FVD) or Hypovolemia

83
Q

Identify the fluid imbalance being described
- body retains both water and sodium in similar
proportions to normal ECF

A

Fluid Volume Excess (FVE) or hypervolemia

84
Q

Identify the fluid imbalance being described
Causes:
- Increased intake of NaCl (sodium level is still normal, since both water and sodium are equally
retained)
- Infusion of sodium-containing fluids rapidly
- Disease processes (heart failure, kidney failure,
liver cirrhosis)

A

Fluid Volume Excess (FVE) or hypervolemia

85
Q

excess interstitial fluid

86
Q

leaves a small depression or pit after finger
pressure is applied

A

Pitting Edema

87
Q

Identify the fluid imbalance being described
- Water is lost from the body, leaving the client with excess sodium
- Cells are dehydrated/shrunk

A

Dehydration (Hyperosmolar imbalance)

88
Q

Identify the fluid imbalance being described
- Water is gained in excess of electrolytes, resulting in
low serum osmolality and low serum Na+ levels
- Cells are swollen

A

Overhydration (hypo-osmolar imbalance)

89
Q

Identify the fluid imbalance being described
- Can lead to cerebral edema and impaired neurologic function
- causes Syndrome of Inappropriate Anti Diuretic Hormone
(SIADH) and Head Injury

A

Overhydration (hypo-osmolar imbalance)

90
Q

ELECTROLYTE
IMBALANCES: Sodium

A

Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia

91
Q

ELECTROLYTE
IMBALANCES: Sodium
- Less than 135 mEq/L
- Severe cases:
<110 mEq L
- Can lead to neurological
damage (cerebral edema)
due to low serum osmolality
- Causes: burns, GI losses,
diuretics, head injury

A

Hyponatremia

92
Q

ELECTROLYTE
IMBALANCES: Sodium
- Higher than 145 mEq/L
- Cells are dehydrated
- Primary manifestations are neurological in nature
- Causes:
water deprivation,
diabetes insipidus,
excessive use of NaCl

A

Hypernatremia

93
Q

ELECTROLYTE
IMBALANCES: Potassium
- Less than 3.5 mEq/L
- Causes:
GI losses (vomiting, diarrhea)
Potassium-wasting diuretics
Poor intake of Potassium
- S/Sx: muscle weakness,
lethargy, cardiac dysrhythmias

A

Hypokalemia

94
Q

ELECTROLYTE
IMBALANCES: Potassium
- More than 4.5 mEq/L
- More dangerous than hypokalemia since it can lead to cardiac arrest
- Causes:
1. Renal Failure
2. High Potassium Intake
3. Burns
- S/Sx: confusion, muscle weakness, bradycardia, irregular pulse, numbness
in extremities

A

Hyperkalemia

95
Q

ELECTROLYTE
IMBALANCES: Calcium
- Total calcium:
<8.5 mg/dL
- Ionized calcium:
<4 mg/dL
- Causes:
total thyroidectomy,
hypomagnesemia, chronic alcoholism

A

Hypocalcemia

96
Q

SEVERE HYPOCALCEMIA CAN CAUSE ____________ WITH MUSCLE SPASMS AND PARESTHESIAS
AND CAN LEAD TO CONVULSIONS

A

Severe Hypocalcemia

97
Q

Two signs of Hypocalcemia

A
  • Chvostek’s sign
  • Trousseau’s sign
98
Q

ELECTROLYTE
IMBALANCES: Calcium
- Total calcium:
>10.5 mg/dL
- Ionized calcium:
>5 mg/dL
- Calcium is mobilized from the skeleton due to malignancy or prolonged immobilization
- S/Sx:
depressed DTR, cardiac
dysrhythmias, hypercalciuria, flank
pain secondary to urinary calculi

A

Hypercalcemia

99
Q

ELECTROLYTE
IMBALANCES: Magnesium
- Less than 1.5 mEq/L
- Common cause: chronic
alcoholism
- Other causes: GI losses, burns, pancreatitis
- S/Sx: Chvostek’s and
Trousseau, increased reflexes, respiratory difficulties, cardiac dysrhythmias

A

Hypomagnesemia

100
Q

ELECTROLYTE
IMBALANCES: Magnesium
- More than 2.5 mEq/L
- Often iatrogenic (result of overzealous magnesium therapy)
- S/Sx: depressed DTR,
bradycardia, lethargy,
respiratory depression,
cardiac arrest

A

Hypermagnesemia

101
Q

ELECTROLYTE
IMBALANCES: Chloride
- Below 95 mEq/L
- Causes: GI/kidney losses,
sweating
- S/Sx: muscle twitching,
tremors, tetany

A

Hypochloremia

102
Q

ELECTROLYTE
IMBALANCES: Chloride
- Above 108 mEq/L
- Causes: excess replacement of NaCl or KCl
- S/Sx: acidosis, weakness,
lethargy, dysrhythmias,
coma

A

Hyperchloremia

103
Q

ELECTROLYTE
IMBALANCES: Phosphate
- Below 2.5 mg/dL
- Causes: GI losses, use of
phosphate-binding antacids, alcohol withdrawal
- S/Sx:
paresthesias, muscle
weakness and pain, metal
changes, and possible
seizures

A

Hypophosphatemia

104
Q

ELECTROLYTE
IMBALANCES: Phosphate
- Above 4.5 mg/dL
- Causes: tissue trauma,
chemotherapy, renal failure, increased
ingestion/administration of phosphate
- S/Sx: numbness, tingling
around the mouth and
fingertips, muscle spasms,
tetany

A

Hyperphosphatemia

105
Q

Classification of Acid Base Imbalances

A

respiratory or metabolic

106
Q

How does lungs normally regulate Carbonic acid levels?

A

retention/excretion of CO2
(respiratory acidosis or alkalosis)

107
Q

How are Bicarbonate and Hydrogen ion levels regulated?

A

kidneys through (metabolic acidosis or alkalosis)

108
Q
  • Hypoventilation and CO2
    retention cause carbonic acid to increase and the pH to fall below 7.35
  • Causes: Asthma, COPD, CNS depression due to anesthesia/narcotic
  • causes the kidneys to retain bicarbonate to restore the normal
    carbonic acid to bicarbonate ratio
  • May require hours to days to restore the normal pH
A

RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS

109
Q
  • When a person hyperventilates, exhaling
    more CO2 and decreasing carbonic acid levels = pH greater than 7.45
  • Causes: psychogenic or anxiety-related hyperventilation
  • Kidneys will excrete bicarbonate
A

RESPIRATORY ALKALOSIS

110
Q
  • bicarbonate levels are low in relation to the amount of carbonic acid = decreased pH
  • Causes: renal failure, inability of the kidneys to excrete H+, diabetic ketoacidosis
  • Stimulates the respiratory center = increase depth and rate of
    respirations; CO2 is eliminated and carbonic acid falls
A

METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

111
Q
  • amount of bicarbonate in the body exceeds to the normal ratio
  • Causes: ingestion of NaHCO3 as an antacid, vomiting (loss of HCl)
  • Depresses the respiratory rate (slow and shallow) = CO2 is retained and carbonic levels increases
A

METABOLIC ALKALOSIS

112
Q

CLINICAL MEASUREMENTS

A

◎ Daily Weights
◎ Vital Signs
◎ Fluid Intake and Output

113
Q

LABORATORY TESTS

A

◎ Serum electrolytes
◎ Urine pH
◎ Urine specific gravity
◎ Urine Sodium and Chloride excretion
◎ Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs) - measures the acidity, or pH, and the levels of oxygen (O2) and carbon dioxide (CO2) from an artery.

114
Q

LABORATORY TESTS
- pH

A

Normal: 7.35 - 7.45
If above: Alkalosis
If below: Acidosis

115
Q

LABORATORY TESTS
- pCO2

A

Normal: 35-45
If below: Alkalosis
If above: Acidosis

116
Q

LABORATORY TESTS
- HCO3

A

Normal 22-26
If below: Acidosis
If above: Alkalosis

117
Q

LABORATORY TESTS
- pO2

A

Normal: 80-100
If below: Hypoxemia
If above: O2 Therapy

118
Q

LABORATORY TESTS
- SaO2

A

Normal: 95-100%
If below: Hypoexemia
If above: No info

119
Q

GOALS of Fluid Therapy

A

◎ Maintain/restore normal fluid balance
◎ Maintain/restore normal balance of electrolytes in the IC and EC compartments
◎ Maintain/restore pulmonary ventilation and
oxygenation
◎ Prevent associated risks

120
Q

Types of Intravenous Fluids

A
  • Hypertonic solution
  • Hypotonic solution
  • Isotonic solution
121
Q

Identify the Types of Intravenous Fluids
- concentrated with solute,
expanding vascular volume

A

Hypertonic solution

122
Q

Examples of Hypertonic Fluids

A

5% DEXTROSE IN NORMAL
SALINE (D5NSS)
- 5% DEXTROSE IN 0.45%
NACL
- 5% DEXTROSE IN
LACTATED RINGERS (D5LR)
- 5% DEXTROSE IN
NORMOSOL-M (D5NM)

123
Q

Identify the Types of Intravenous Fluids
- less solutes, for treatment of cellular dehydration

A

Hypotonic solution

124
Q

Examples of Hypotonic Fluids

A
  • 0.45% NACL (HALF NORMAL SALINE)
  • 0.33% NACL (1/3 NORMAL
    SALINE)
125
Q

Identify the Types of Intravenous Fluids
- Isotonic solution

A

Isotonic solution

126
Q

Examples of Isotonic Fluids

A
  • 0.9% NACL (NORMAL
    SALINE, PLAIN NSS)
  • LACTATED RINGER’S (PLAIN LR)
  • 5% DEXTROSE IN WATER
    (D5W)
127
Q

How to promote wellness in terms of fluid and electrolyte balance

A

adequate fluids and consumption of a balanced diet

128
Q

3 ways to implement Enteral Fluid and Electrolyte Replacement

A
  1. Fluid intake modifications
  2. Dietary changes
  3. Oral electrolyte supplements
129
Q

Components of Normal Saline

A

Sodium Chloride

130
Q

Components of Ringer’s solution

A

Sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium

131
Q

Components of Lactated Ringer’s solution

A

Sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, and lactate (metabolized in the liver to form bicarbonate)

132
Q

Components of Volume expanders

A

dextran, plasma, albumin

Note: used for severe blood/plasma loss

133
Q

Formula for hourly rate of the fluid (cc/hr)

A

total infusion volume/total infusion time

134
Q

Formula for Drops per minute

A

(total infusion volume x drop factor) divided by total time of infusion in minutes

135
Q

Drop factors: Macroset

A

15 or 20 gtts/mL

136
Q

Drop factors: Microset

A

60 gtts/mL

137
Q

Common Venipuncture sites for for intermittent or continuous infusions

A

Metacarpal, basilic and
cephalic veins

138
Q

This Venipuncture site is inserted in the subclavian or jugular vein, with the distal tip resting in the SVC

A

Central Venous Catheters

139
Q

This Venipuncture site is inserted in basilic or
cephalic vein, for long-term intravenous access when the client will be maintaining IV therapy at home

A

Peripherally Inserted
Central Venous Catheter
(PICC)

140
Q

This intervention Can be effective in restoring intravascular (blood)
volume

A

BLOOD TRANSFUSIONS

141
Q

Four main groups/types of human blood

A

A, AB, B, O

142
Q

the only IV solution that is
compatible with blood products

A

0.9% NaCl (Plain NSS)

143
Q

Enumerate Blood Products

A
  • Whole Blood
  • Packed Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
  • Platelets
  • Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)
  • Albumin and Plasma Protein Fraction
144
Q

Identify Blood Products
- not commonly used except for extreme cases of acute hemorrhage; RBCs, plasma, plasma proteins, fresh platelets, and other clotting factors

A

Whole Blood

145
Q

Identify Blood Products
- to increase the oxygen carrying capacity of blood in anemia, surgery and
blood disorders

A

Packed Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

146
Q

Identify Blood Products
- given for patients with bleeding disorders or platelet deficiency

147
Q

Identify Blood Products
- expands blood volume and provides clotting factors. No need to be typed and crossmatched

A

Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP)

148
Q

Identify Blood Products
- blood volume expander

A

Albumin and Plasma Protein Fraction

Fundamentals of Nursing Lec (11 decks)

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