Finals Review Terms

Question 1

Agency - Weber (Rationalist), Goffman (Interactionist), Granovetter (Social Relationship & Networkist), Bourdieu (Habitus & Structuralist), Elias (Civilizing process)

Answer 1

Agency: capacity of individuals to act independently (INDIVIDUAL FREEDOM)

1. Weber (Rationalist): human actions are motivated by VALUES, but in modern societies, RATIONALITY take precedence over traditions/emotions
   - traditional societies: actions are guided by CUSTOMS, VALUES, TRADITIONS
   - modern societies: actions are guided by RATIONAL VALUES (emphasize rules, logic, and efficiency)
2. Goffman (Interactionist): agency is shaped by the ROLES, NORMS, and SYMBOLS people perform in SOCIAL INTERACTIONS > individuals act like ACTORS ON STAGE, following social “scripts” based on their roles
   - agency is not entirely FREE/independent but INFLUENCED BY SOCIAL EXPECTATIONS
   - ex: a teacher behaves differently in the classroom (authoritative) than with friends at a party (relaxed)
3. Grenovetter (Networkist): agency is EMBEDDED in SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS
   - the networks we belong to (strong/weak ties) determine (enable/constraint) our ACTIONS
4. Bourdieu (Habitus & Structuralist): agency is structured by HABITUS (internalized habits acquired through upbringing and cultural context)
   - Habitus shape how we perceive the world and act within it, even without CONSCIOUS thought
   - these dispositions shape our agency - what we feel capable of doing
5. Elias (Civilizing process): over time, society has taught people to behave in a more controlled and polite way and this changed individuals to be more stick to the norm and it changed the way they control their agency
   - in the past, individuals can just shout whenever they’re angry, no societal expectations of them having to limit their expression
   - in modern days, society created norms, that individuals have to adhere to

Question 2

Bureaucracy - Weber

Answer 2

A structured formal organizational system governed by FORMAL RULES, HIERARCHICAL AUTHORITY, AND IMPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS to achieve EFFICIENCY AND RATIONALITY

Question 3

Civil Society - Durkheim

Answer 3

• Arena of SOCIAL INTERACTIONS outside of the STATE and MARKET
• groups or organization in society that are not part of the government, like CLUBS, UNIONS, OR RELIGIOUS GROUPS that help people to SHARE IDEAS, VALUES, AND CONNECT TGT, KEEPING THE SOCIETY UNITED

Question 4

Civilizing Process - Elias

Answer 4

In the past, people used to act with a STRONG EMOTIONS (fight if angry), but over time, society started to give norms and taught us to control our emotions. These learned behaviors often come natural and we don’t even think about them anymore in daily life.

Question 5

Collective Action - Tilly

Answer 5

• Collective actions happen when a group of people want to challenge BIG SYSTEMS, they work toward one same goal because they cant succeed individually
• This usually can be seen in protests/strikes/other forms of reforms that demand changes

Ex:
- labor strikers
- civil rights movement

Question 6

Collective Effervescence - Durkheim

Answer 6

Collective effervescence is a shared emotional experience during rituals/celebrations that strengthen group bonds and create a sense of belonging

Question 7

Conformity

Question 8

Conflict vs. Order

Question 9

Consent and Hegemony

Question 10

Double Movement

Question 11

Embeddedness

Question 12

Falsification

Question 13

Formal Organizations

Question 14

Framing Theory

Question 15

Free Rider Problem

Question 16

Governmentality

Question 17

Habitus

Question 18

Human Capital

Question 19

Induction and Deduction

Question 20

Institutional Theory

Question 21

Isomorphism (Coercive, Mimetic, Normative)

Question 22

Late Modernity and Postmodernity

Question 23

Matthew Effect

Question 24

Methodological Individualism

Question 25

Mobilizing Structures

Question 26

Modernity

Question 27

Norms and Social Roles

Question 28

Political Opportunity

Question 29

Power (Repressive and Normalizing)

Question 30

Protest Cycle Rationalization

Question 31

Relative Deprivation

Question 32

Risk Society

Question 33

Sacred and Profane

Question 34

Social Capital

Question 35

Social Movements

Question 36

State Autonomy

Question 37

Structure vs. Agency

Question 38

Surveillance and Discipline

Question 39

Status

Question 40

Symbolic Interactionism

Question 41

The Iron Cage

Question 42

Tragedy of the Commons

Question 43

Transaction Costs

Question 44

Varieties of Capitalism

Question 45

Welfare State