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Finals Review Flashcards

1
Q

Gram positive versus gram-negative bacteria

A
  • -has thick outer membrane, thin peptidoglycsn
    + Has no outer membrane, thick peptidoglycsn
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2
Q

Purpose of heat bath cell lysis step transformation lab

A

Weaken cell membrane

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3
Q

Purpose of freezing cell lysis step transformation lab

A

Expand cytoplasm to break cell open

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4
Q

Purpose of centrifuge cell lysis step transformation lab

A

Separate protein from cell debris

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5
Q

Column chromatography gfp isolation step of cell transformation lab

A

Gfp is large and does not get stuck in pores unlike other proteins gets caught and well

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6
Q

SDS page / reading gel isolation step of cell transformation lab

A

Small proteins go to bottom, electrical current moves it, more than one band means gfp was not isolated. Measure distance moved from the top then chart

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7
Q

Denatured DNA

A

Chain

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8
Q

Nature DNA

A

Folded up

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9
Q

Free genetic info is taken into the cell from the environment

A

Transformation

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10
Q

Exchange of genetic info between two bacteria

A

Conjugation

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11
Q

Agent transfers DNA between two bacteria

A

Transduction

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12
Q

BLAST

A

Put in the DNA sequence, says top matches. Use evalue and percent identity

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13
Q

E value

A

Chance of a random match should be 0 or negative

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14
Q

Percent identity

A

Percent that matches the sequence

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15
Q

Mutation

A

Mutated genes become resistant and pass on

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16
Q

Destroys the antibiotic for resistance

A

Inactivation

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17
Q

Pumps out the antibiotic

A

Efflux

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18
Q

ELISA

A

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. If a person has the disease. Antigen attaches to the DNA in the well, rest is washed out. Then add primary antigens, wash unbound out. Then add 2nd antibody. Add substrate to see color change, brighter color is higher concentration of bacteria

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19
Q

Killed virus, polio

A

Inactivated

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20
Q

Living weakened virus, mmr, chicken pox

A

Live antennuated

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21
Q

Uses part of a Target pathogen to cause response, hepatitis b, shingles

A

Subunit

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22
Q

mRNA enters the body, cells reveal the code for protein to trigger immune response, covid

A

mRNA

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23
Q

Uses toxins from bacteria, DTaP, tetanus

A

Toxoid

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24
Q

Prevent cross-linking in formation of peptidoglycan layer

A

Beta-lactans

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25
Q

Blocks TRNA binding sites, disrupts protein synthesis

A

Tetracycline

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26
Q

DNA gyrase is blocked, no unwinding of DNA prevents replication

A

Fluroquiniones

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27
Q

Blocks the enzyme to prevent folic acid

A

Sulfonamids

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28
Q

Hearing aids how they work in pros and cons

A

Uses a microphone, amplifier and speaker. Helps sensorial neuro hair cell damage, less severe

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29
Q

Cochlear implants how they work and pros and cons

A

Receive sound and sends through currents near auditory nerve, then signals brain. Used for a severe to profound hearing loss, for people who don’t benefit from hearing aids

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30
Q

How to read audiograms

A

X- left
O- right
[ ]- bone conductive hearing loss
Mixed, problems with conductive and sensory neural, will have a mix of both the brackets being low and the left and rights being low

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31
Q

Types of hearing loss

A

0-20 normal
21 - 40 mild
41-55 moderate
56-70 moderate severe
71-90 severe
90 + profound

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32
Q

Conductive versus sensory neural

A

Conductive is something physically blocks path of sound waves, bones, clogged up attaching tube

Sensorneural is when the sound waves are not being processed correctly

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33
Q

PCR

A

Polymerase chain reaction

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34
Q

Shorts sequence of DNA, complementary to Target sequence

35
Q

Thermal cycler

A

Primers attached to open strand, makes New strand from template

36
Q

Go through and copy DNA until a fluorescent nucleotide. Lasers read the colors and show it in the tube, represents bases

A

Cycle sequencing

37
Q

Bones of ear

A

Malleus, incus, stapes , transmit vibrations to oval window

38
Q

Eardrum, transmits vibrations to ossicles

A

Tympanic membrane

39
Q

Translate waves into electric signals and sends down auditory nerve

40
Q

Contains fluids that regulates pressure and helps with balance

A

Semicircular canals

41
Q

Drains fluids and regulates pressure

A

Etachian tube

42
Q

E coli growth on lb agar

A

E coli 1 and 2 both resistant because no antibiotic

43
Q

E coli growth on lb and streptomycin

A

E coli one is resistant, e coli 2 is sensitive

44
Q

E coli 1 and to resistance on lb and ampicillin

A

E coli one is sensitive, ecoli 2 is resistant

45
Q

E coli 1 and 2 on lb streptomycin and ampicillin

A

Both e coli one and two are sensitive

46
Q

Contains DNA in bacteria

47
Q

Protein synthesis

48
Q

Circular pieces of DNA that communicates genetic info to other bacteria

49
Q

Regulates entrance and exit of bacteria

A

Plasma membrane

50
Q

Shapes the cell

51
Q

Helps protect bacteria

52
Q

Enables movement of bacteria

53
Q

Adheres to surfaces

54
Q

What does sensitive mean

A

Killed by antibiotics

55
Q

How do vaccines work

A

Part of the pathogen is put into a body, antibodies in the body recognize the foreign antigens and stimulate an immune response. Memory cells afterwards remember the cells to destroy them faster

56
Q

Vaccines cause autism

A

Antigens found in autistic and non-autistic kids were the same

57
Q

Infants can’t handle so many vaccinations at once

A

Kids are exposed to thousands of germs everyday, only takes up a small fraction of the immune response

58
Q

Vaccines are needed because disease rates are low

A

If too many people do that herd immunity will be lost, everyone not vaccinated increases the risk of disease

59
Q

Vaccines contain unsafe toxins

A

None unless you do large amounts, contains metals normally found in body

60
Q

Sanitation and hygiene car the reason for disease

A

Sanitation and hygiene only stopped the spread vaccines keep you from getting sick and reduces the impact

61
Q

General response that attacks and neutralizes pathogens regardless of what they are

A

Innate immunity

62
Q

Targets specific pathogens

A

Adaptive immunity

63
Q

A antigens b antibodies

64
Q

B antigens a antibodies

65
Q

Ab antigens no antibodies

66
Q

No antigens ab antibodies

67
Q

Organ allocations

A

Nota funds opt, no selling organs, give to how long, no socioeconomic status

68
Q

Transformation lab purpose of cacl2

A

Neutralizes DNA so can enter plasmid

69
Q

Transformation lab purpose of heat shock

A

Opens pores so plasmid can enter

70
Q

Transformation lab plate growth

A

-,lb- lawn growth
-, lb and amp - no growtb
+, lb and amp - colonies
+, lb amp and jpjg- glowing colonies

71
Q

Structures are not directly linked to the transmission of sound

A

Vestibular nerve
Semicircular canal
Round window
Etachian tube

72
Q

Cycle sequencing steps

A

DNA strands separated
Primers attached
DNA template is added to solution
Add adds free nucleotides until reaches fluorescent
Runs through electrophoresis
Laser transfers color to computer
Order of bases are represented by colored peaks

73
Q

What type of hearing loss is it when bone conduction is 2x as long as air conduction

A

Conductive

74
Q

What is true of molecular sieve

A

Contains different sized pores
Smaller proteins get caught in pores and take longer to pass through

75
Q

What helps copy DNA

76
Q

Results of not adding lysis buffer transformation lab

A

Phospholipid bilayer remains strong
Gfp is not released from cell
Gfp is in pellet

77
Q

What happens after skipping incubation period after recovering bath in transformation lab

A

Cells without plasmid grow on ampicillin plate
Cells that were not transformed (meaning did not get plasmid) grow on ampicillin plate

78
Q

Protein electrophoresis versus DNA electrophoresis

A

Proteins are separated by weight
Polyacrylamide gel
Goes through vertically

79
Q

How does heat shock help in transformation lab

A

Increases the chance the membrane will be permeable

80
Q

Vertical separation of proteins through gel with tiny pores

81
Q

Methods of separating components by filtering

A

Molecular sieve matrix

82
Q

Separating components by filtering

A

Chromatography

83
Q

Steps of Eliza

A

Make standard curve
Add antigens for positive control
Fill Wells with patient samples
Rinse out antigens
Add primar, rinse
Add secondary antibody, rinse
Add substrate and compare colors

84
Q

Symptoms of bacterial meningitis

A

Fever lethargy stiff neck

M.I (8 decks)

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