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M.I > Finals Review > Flashcards

Finals Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Gram positive versus gram-negative bacteria

A
  • -has thick outer membrane, thin peptidoglycsn
    + Has no outer membrane, thick peptidoglycsn
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2
Q

Purpose of heat bath cell lysis step transformation lab

A

Weaken cell membrane

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3
Q

Purpose of freezing cell lysis step transformation lab

A

Expand cytoplasm to break cell open

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4
Q

Purpose of centrifuge cell lysis step transformation lab

A

Separate protein from cell debris

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5
Q

Column chromatography gfp isolation step of cell transformation lab

A

Gfp is large and does not get stuck in pores unlike other proteins gets caught and well

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6
Q

SDS page / reading gel isolation step of cell transformation lab

A

Small proteins go to bottom, electrical current moves it, more than one band means gfp was not isolated. Measure distance moved from the top then chart

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7
Q

Denatured DNA

A

Chain

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8
Q

Nature DNA

A

Folded up

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9
Q

Free genetic info is taken into the cell from the environment

A

Transformation

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10
Q

Exchange of genetic info between two bacteria

A

Conjugation

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11
Q

Agent transfers DNA between two bacteria

A

Transduction

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12
Q

BLAST

A

Put in the DNA sequence, says top matches. Use evalue and percent identity

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13
Q

E value

A

Chance of a random match should be 0 or negative

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14
Q

Percent identity

A

Percent that matches the sequence

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15
Q

Mutation

A

Mutated genes become resistant and pass on

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16
Q

Destroys the antibiotic for resistance

A

Inactivation

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17
Q

Pumps out the antibiotic

A

Efflux

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18
Q

ELISA

A

Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. If a person has the disease. Antigen attaches to the DNA in the well, rest is washed out. Then add primary antigens, wash unbound out. Then add 2nd antibody. Add substrate to see color change, brighter color is higher concentration of bacteria

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19
Q

Killed virus, polio

A

Inactivated

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20
Q

Living weakened virus, mmr, chicken pox

A

Live antennuated

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21
Q

Uses part of a Target pathogen to cause response, hepatitis b, shingles

A

Subunit

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22
Q

mRNA enters the body, cells reveal the code for protein to trigger immune response, covid

A

mRNA

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23
Q

Uses toxins from bacteria, DTaP, tetanus

A

Toxoid

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24
Q

Prevent cross-linking in formation of peptidoglycan layer

A

Beta-lactans

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25
Blocks TRNA binding sites, disrupts protein synthesis
Tetracycline
26
DNA gyrase is blocked, no unwinding of DNA prevents replication
Fluroquiniones
27
Blocks the enzyme to prevent folic acid
Sulfonamids
28
Hearing aids how they work in pros and cons
Uses a microphone, amplifier and speaker. Helps sensorial neuro hair cell damage, less severe
29
Cochlear implants how they work and pros and cons
Receive sound and sends through currents near auditory nerve, then signals brain. Used for a severe to profound hearing loss, for people who don't benefit from hearing aids
30
How to read audiograms
X- left O- right [ ]- bone conductive hearing loss Mixed, problems with conductive and sensory neural, will have a mix of both the brackets being low and the left and rights being low
31
Types of hearing loss
0-20 normal 21 - 40 mild 41-55 moderate 56-70 moderate severe 71-90 severe 90 + profound
32
Conductive versus sensory neural
Conductive is something physically blocks path of sound waves, bones, clogged up attaching tube Sensorneural is when the sound waves are not being processed correctly
33
PCR
Polymerase chain reaction
34
Shorts sequence of DNA, complementary to Target sequence
Primer
35
Thermal cycler
Primers attached to open strand, makes New strand from template
36
Go through and copy DNA until a fluorescent nucleotide. Lasers read the colors and show it in the tube, represents bases
Cycle sequencing
37
Bones of ear
Malleus, incus, stapes , transmit vibrations to oval window
38
Eardrum, transmits vibrations to ossicles
Tympanic membrane
39
Translate waves into electric signals and sends down auditory nerve
Cochlea
40
Contains fluids that regulates pressure and helps with balance
Semicircular canals
41
Drains fluids and regulates pressure
Etachian tube
42
E coli growth on lb agar
E coli 1 and 2 both resistant because no antibiotic
43
E coli growth on lb and streptomycin
E coli one is resistant, e coli 2 is sensitive
44
E coli 1 and to resistance on lb and ampicillin
E coli one is sensitive, ecoli 2 is resistant
45
E coli 1 and 2 on lb streptomycin and ampicillin
Both e coli one and two are sensitive
46
Contains DNA in bacteria
Nucleoid
47
Protein synthesis
Ribosomes
48
Circular pieces of DNA that communicates genetic info to other bacteria
Plasmid
49
Regulates entrance and exit of bacteria
Plasma membrane
50
Shapes the cell
Cell wall
51
Helps protect bacteria
Capsule
52
Enables movement of bacteria
Flagella
53
Adheres to surfaces
Pili
54
What does sensitive mean
Killed by antibiotics
55
How do vaccines work
Part of the pathogen is put into a body, antibodies in the body recognize the foreign antigens and stimulate an immune response. Memory cells afterwards remember the cells to destroy them faster
56
Vaccines cause autism
Antigens found in autistic and non-autistic kids were the same
57
Infants can't handle so many vaccinations at once
Kids are exposed to thousands of germs everyday, only takes up a small fraction of the immune response
58
Vaccines are needed because disease rates are low
If too many people do that herd immunity will be lost, everyone not vaccinated increases the risk of disease
59
Vaccines contain unsafe toxins
None unless you do large amounts, contains metals normally found in body
60
Sanitation and hygiene car the reason for disease
Sanitation and hygiene only stopped the spread vaccines keep you from getting sick and reduces the impact
61
General response that attacks and neutralizes pathogens regardless of what they are
Innate immunity
62
Targets specific pathogens
Adaptive immunity
63
A antigens b antibodies
A
64
B antigens a antibodies
B
65
Ab antigens no antibodies
Ab
66
No antigens ab antibodies
O
67
Organ allocations
Nota funds opt, no selling organs, give to how long, no socioeconomic status
68
Transformation lab purpose of cacl2
Neutralizes DNA so can enter plasmid
69
Transformation lab purpose of heat shock
Opens pores so plasmid can enter
70
Transformation lab plate growth
-,lb- lawn growth -, lb and amp - no growtb +, lb and amp - colonies +, lb amp and jpjg- glowing colonies
71
Structures are not directly linked to the transmission of sound
Vestibular nerve Semicircular canal Round window Etachian tube
72
Cycle sequencing steps
DNA strands separated Primers attached DNA template is added to solution Add adds free nucleotides until reaches fluorescent Runs through electrophoresis Laser transfers color to computer Order of bases are represented by colored peaks
73
What type of hearing loss is it when bone conduction is 2x as long as air conduction
Conductive
74
What is true of molecular sieve
Contains different sized pores Smaller proteins get caught in pores and take longer to pass through
75
What helps copy DNA
Primers
76
Results of not adding lysis buffer transformation lab
Phospholipid bilayer remains strong Gfp is not released from cell Gfp is in pellet
77
What happens after skipping incubation period after recovering bath in transformation lab
Cells without plasmid grow on ampicillin plate Cells that were not transformed (meaning did not get plasmid) grow on ampicillin plate
78
Protein electrophoresis versus DNA electrophoresis
Proteins are separated by weight Polyacrylamide gel Goes through vertically
79
How does heat shock help in transformation lab
Increases the chance the membrane will be permeable
80
Vertical separation of proteins through gel with tiny pores
SDS page
81
Methods of separating components by filtering
Molecular sieve matrix
82
Separating components by filtering
Chromatography
83
Steps of Eliza
Make standard curve Add antigens for positive control Fill Wells with patient samples Rinse out antigens Add primar, rinse Add secondary antibody, rinse Add substrate and compare colors
84
Symptoms of bacterial meningitis
Fever lethargy stiff neck

M.I (8 decks)

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