FINALS PAV Flashcards
1
Q
a measurement we take in advance, to prevent dangerous, unpleasant or inconvenient from happening
A
precaution
2
Q
refers to the practice in medicine or hospital of avoiding contact of patient’s bodily fluid, by means of wearing nonporous article
A
universal precaution
3
Q
an approach to an infection control to treat all human blood and certain human body fluid as if they were known to be infectious like HIV and other blood borne pathogen
A
universal precaution
4
Q
universal precaution was introduced by whom
A
centers for disease control (CDC)
5
Q
when was universal precaution introduced
A
1985
6
Q
innovation of CDC in 1987 for universal precaution that advocates to avoid physical contact to people with moist and potentially infectious body
A
body substance isolation
7
Q
it emphasized handwashing after removing gloves
A
body substance isolation
8
Q
in what year CDC introduced another set of guidelines for isolation precautions in hospital to practice infection control in hospitals
A
1996
9
Q
3 transmission based precaution
A
airborne, droplet, contact
10
Q
these are applied universally in caring for all patients and healthcare workers
A
- handwashing
- decontamination of equipment and devices
- use and disposal of needles and sharps safely
- wearing protective items
- prompt cleaning up of blood and bloody fluid spills
- systems for safe collection of waste and disposal
11
Q
defined as control guidelines designed to protect workers from exposure to diseases spread by blood and other body fluids
A
universal precaution
12
Q
according to them, universal precaution are intended to prevent parenteral, mucous membrane, and nonintact skin exposures of healthcare workers to bloodborne pathogens
A
CDC
13
Q
body substances include?
A
blood, oral secretions, feces, urine, wound drainge, emesis
14
Q
it is previously known by various names including “universal precaution” and the basic level of infection control
A
standard precaution
15
Q
it is designed to reduce the risk of transmission of bloodborne and other pathogens from both recognized and unrecognized sources to a susceptible host
A
standard precaution
16
Q
standard precautions apply when there is a risk of potential exposure to?
A
blood, all body fluids, non-intact skin, mucous membranes
17
Q
it is the most single important means to prevent transmission of disease
A
hand hygiene
18
Q
hospital infection is the result of a combination of factors?
A
microbial source, transmission, susceptinle host
19
Q
they are the variety of microorganisms that can create a disease
A
microbial source
20
Q
5 main types pathogenic organism
A
virus, bacteria, fungi, protozoa, worms
21
Q
it is the action that will process the microbial source and once activated, it will host or surface it can hold
A
transmission
22
Q
transmits from one person to another and they are the source of virus in a community
A
susceptible host
23
Q
years where there were separation of facilities, antisepsis, and disinfections
A
1877, 1910
24
Q
two level approach of standard precautions
A
- standard precautions which apply to all clients and patients attending healthcare facilities
- transmission-based precautions which apply only to hospitalized patients
25
year where isolation precautions was introduced as there were new pathogens like SARS, avian influenza, H5N1, H1N1
2007
26
additional measures focused on the particular mode of transmission and are always in addition to standard precautions
transmission-based precautions
27
precautions done in contact precautions
hand hygiene, gown, gloves on all room entries, regardless of anticipated patient contact
28
transportation precaution in contact precautions
cover patient with clean sheet
29
droplets can be generated through
coughing, sneezing, talking, during the performance of procedures
30
precautions done in droplet precautions
hand hygiene, surgical mask
31
precaution in transporting patient in droplet precaution
patient must wear surgical mask
32
precautions for airborne precaution
hand hygiene, respirator n-95 or capr
33
precaution in transporting patient in airborne precaution
patient must wear surgical mask
34
precaution in contact and droplet precautions
hand hygiene, gown, surgical mask, gloves
35
precaution in contact and airborne precautions
hand hygiene, gown, respirator n-95 or capr, gloves on all room entries, regardless of anticipated patient contact
36
this is contracted because of an infection or toxin that exists in a certain location, such as hospital
nosocomial infection
37
nosocomial infections are interchangeably used with terms
health-care associated infections and hospital-acquired infections
38
this term was traditionally used to describe infections that developed infections that were acquired in the hospital but did not develop until after discharge
nosocomial infection
39
how long is the incubation period for signs and symptoms of nosocomial infection to show
48 hours
40
transmission of nosocomial infections occurs via
healthcare workers, patients, hospital equipment, or interventional procedures
41
common site(s) of infection
blood stream, lungs, urinary tract, surgical wounds
42
though any bacteria may cause nosocomial infection, there is an increasing incident causing hospital acquired infection
multi-drug resistant pathogen
43
most common cause of nosocomial infection
bacteria
44
factors that are risk for a nosocomial infection
increasing age, length of hospitalization, excessive or improper use of broad-spectrum antibiotics , and number of invasive devices and procedures, underlying conditions
45
most common type of pathogens causing nosocomial infection
staphylococcus aureus
46
other type of pathogens causing nosocomial infection
escherichia coli, enterococci, candida
47
causes of nosocomial infection
urinary tract infections, surgical site infections, bloodstream infections, pneumonia
48
prevention of nosocomial infection
hand hygiene, appropriate antimicrobial use, proper PPE use, routine disinfection, remove indwelling devices as soon as possible
49
these are illnesses that result from the infection, presence, and growth of pathogenic biologic agents in an individual human or other animal host
communicable diseases
50
communicable diseases are also known as
infectious disease or transmissible diseases
51
pathogens that cause communicable disease
bacteria, fungi, virus
52
it refers to a group of conditions that are not mainly caused by an acute infection, result in long-term health consequences and often create a need for long-term treatment and care
non-communicable disease
53
non-communicable disease is also known as
chronic diseases
54
4 main types of ncds
cardiovascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory disease, diabetes
55
study of distribution and determinants of diseases and injuries in human populations
epidemiology
56
individuals specialized postgraduate education in epidemiology
epidemiologist
57
involves reproduction of microorganisms in the human body and state produces by the establishment or one or more pathogenic agent
infection
58
collective term used to describe related clinical signs and symptoms associated with an infections agent unknown etiology
disease
59
particular abnormal condition or it has negatively effect in our body or function of our body
disease
60
defined as the presence of microorganisms o the body (commonly on hands) or an inanimate objects
contamination
61
presence of constituent, impurity, or some other undesirable element that destroys to an object
contamination
62
individual who carries and has capacity to pass disease and may or may not display symptoms; either pass through genetic mutation or transmit a disease
carrier
63
carrier that is infected without symptoms
asymptomatic carrier
64
carrier that is carrying early in disease
incubation carrier
65
carrier that is carrying in last phases of recovery
convalescent carrier
66
carrier that carries disease for long periods after recovery
chronic carrier
67
to make something or someone ready for a procedure or activity
preparation
68
cognitive process of thinking about what you will do in the event of something happening
preparation
69
giving or application of a pharmacologic or other therapeutic agent
administration
70
entry point to the patient
vein
71
steps before doing an iv procedure
review the order of physician, gather all supply needed for specific procedure, approach, identify and prepare patient for process, maintain proper hygiene
72
medical technique that delivers fluids, medications, and nutrition directly into a person's vein; fastest way possible to deliver essential nutrients to body
iv therapy
73
this route of administration is commonly used for rehydration or to provide nutrition for those who cannot consume food or water by mouth
intravenous
74
different uses of iv therapy
fluids, blood transfusions, medications, nutritions
75
it involves a small tube called catheter and a saline-based electrolyte solution that contains the selected vitamins and nutrients
iv drip
76
delivers essential nutrients and fluids directly into the bloodstream, bypassing digestive tract
iv drip
77
most common ingredients in an iv drip
saline, vitamins, electrolytes
78
a solution of salt in water (sodium chloride) and is the most common type of fluid for IVs
saline
79
they are essential as they can give us a boost of energy, strengthen our immune system
vitamins
80
these components hydrate our bodies, regulate nerve and muscle function, regulate blood pressure
electrolyte
81
two ways to regulate the amount and rate of fluids given during iv drip
manual regulation, electric pump
82
this machine regulates the amount and rate of fluids given during iv drip commonly used in icu
electric pump
83
this regulator has rollers that are adjusted by nurses
manual regulation
84
it is the rapid administration of a small volume of medication into the patient's vein via a previously inserte iv catheter
iv push
85
used when a rapid response to a medication is required or when the medication cannot be administered via the oral route
iv push
86
main differences of iv drip and iv push
duration of the treatment
type of fluid to be injected
dosage of injected fluid
87
methods of contrast media delivery
drip infusion, bolus method
88
an iv line is initiated, and contrast medium is allowed to drip in during a period of several minutes
drip infusion
89
this contrast enhancement uses scanning after a rapid injection of contrast material
bolus method
90
mostly used method of delivering contrast media by radiographers and nurses
bolus method
91
standard in CT scan procedures because the deliver the precise flow rates and volumes specified by the operator or RT, regardless of the viscosity of the solution and the game of indwelling catheter
mechanical injection systems
92
in healthcare and public health practice settings, infection control includes various measures that prevent and contain the spread of infectious disease. these measures include?
hand washing
infection control standard, contact, droplet, and airborne precautions
procedures for decontamination of persons and disinfection of equipment and environment
quarantine of contacts
prophylaxis of exposed individuals
control of the vectors of infection
93
WHO called infection prevention and control (IPC), a scientific approach and practical solution to prevent harm to patients and healthcare worker
infection control
94
refers to the policy and procedures implemented to control and minimize the dissemination of infections in hospitals and other healthcare settings with the main purpose of reducing infection rates
infection control
95
infection control guidelines by US was released in what year
early 1950s
96
in this year, small numbers of hospital that recognize healthcare associated infections or nosocomial infections which made them implement infection control concept
late 1950s and 1960s
97
steps for infection control
proper handwashing
covering cough and sneezes
staying up to date with vaccinations
using ppe
making tissues and hand cleaners available
following to hospital guidelines with blood related diseases
98
prevention to infection
wash hands
wear mask
avoid close contact
use alcohol based
stay at home
avoid crowds
social distance
clean all shared surface
avoid touching
99
often referring to those practices used to promote or induce it in an operative field in surgery or medicine to prevent infection
asepsis
100
state of being free from disease-causing contaminents
asepsis
101
purposes of asepsis
to prevent cross infection on hospital environment
to control infection
to ensure patient's safety, comfort, and psychological well-being
102
three levels of asepsis
antisepsis, disinfection, sterilization
103
prevents or inhibits growth of pathogens but not spores and viruses, it can be used on skin; "sanitation or cleaning"
antisepsis
104
destroys or kills pathogens but not always effective against spores and viruses, these are chemicals and can be used in surfaces
disinfection
105
reduces the viable microorganism to an acceptable level but it might not be active to some bacteria that can spread to a person to another
disinfection
106
it destroys all microbes; usually steam under pressure, gas, radiation and chemicals
sterilization
107
medical asepsis is also known as
clean technique
108
this is all practices that reduce growth, transfer and spread of pathogenic microorganisms; done in day-today activities
medical asepsis
109
medical asepsis includes
handwashing
bathing
cleaning environment
gloving
gowning
wearing mask
hair and shoe covers
disinfecting articles
use of antiseptics
110
methods of maintaining medical asepsis
handwashing, cleaning and proper waste disposal, disinfection
111
we should wash our hands with soap and water at least how long
20 seconds
112
how long it takes for virus to spread in other body parts
10 seconds
113
removes germs from hands and help prevent infections because people frequently touch their eyes, nose, mouth
handwashing
114
one standard precaution used in medical asepsis
hand hygiene
115
what may happen if we do not wash are hands regularly
GI infections, respiratory infection
116
tiny living organisms that may or may not cause diseases
microbes
117
types of microbes that can cause disease
germs or pathogens
118
3 types of handwashing
antibacterial, antimicrobial agents, antiseptic
119
these are detergents or plain soaps with water to physically remove transient contaminants
antibacterial
120
handwashing used in medical facilities
antimicrobial agents
121
topical antiseptics or skin cleaners
antiseptic
122
important for infection control particularly in work areas because of deposits of dust, soil and microbes on surfaces can transmit infection
cleaning
123
this should be removed from clinical areas at least three times each day and more frequently as needed, such as from specialized areas
waste
124
these are placed in general waste bin for removal and infectious from patient
general waste disposal
125
these are placed in biohazard bags which has biohazard symbol and are currently colored yellow
clinical waste disposal
126
disposal of left over medicines and contrast media
pharmaceutical waste disposal
127
containers with non-infectious dry waste are colored
black
128
containers with non-infectious wet waste are colored
green
129
containers with infectious and pathological waste are colored
yellow
130
containers with chemical/heavy metal wastes are colored
yellow with black band
131
containers with radioactive wastes are colored
orange
132
containers with sharps and pressurized containers are colored
red
133
process of eliminating pathogenic organisms on an inanimate object with the exception of spores
disinfection
134
a chemical substance that is used for disinfecting only an inanimate object
disinfectant
135
surgical asepsis are also known as
sterile technique
136
practice that keep an area or objects free from all microorganisms nonpathogenic and pathogenic including spores and viruses
surgical asepsis
137
refers to any process that eliminates, removes, kills or deactivates all forms of life and other biological agents like prions present in a specific surface
sterilization
138
common methods of sterilization
physical and chemical
139
physical sterilization includes?
heat (boiling objects
radiation (uv light)
filtration (water)
140
venipuncture equipment
evacuated collection tubes
needle
holder/adapter
alcohol wipes
adhesive bandages/tape
needle disposal unit
gloves
syringes
141
designed to fill with a predetermined volume of blood by vacuum
evacuated collection tubes
142
additives for light-blue rubber stoppers
3.2% sodium citrate
143
tube for preventing blood from clotting by binding calcium
light-blue
144
light-blue rubber stopper is done for what lab tests
coagulation
145
additives for red or gold rubber stoppers
serum tube with or without clot activator or gel
146
tube for clot activator that promotes blood clotting with glass or silica particles
red or gold
147
red or gold rubber stopper is done for what lab tests
chemistry, serology, immunology
148
additives for green rubber stoppers
sodium or lithium heparin with or without gel
149
tube for preventing clotting by inhibiting thrombin and thromboplastin
green
150
green rubber stopper is done for what lab tests
stat and routine chemistry
151
additives for lavender or pink rubber stoppers
potassium edta
152
tube for preventing clotting by binding calcium
lavender or pink
153
lavender or pink rubber stopper is done for what lab tests
hematology and blood banks
154
additives for gray rubber stoppers
sodium fluoride and sodium/potassium oxalate
155
tube for fluoride to inhibit glycolysis and oxalate prevents clotting by precipitating calcium
gray
156
gray rubber stopper is done for what lab tests
glucose, blood alcohol, lactic acid
157
an olive green needle refers to
14 gauge
158
a 14 gauge has an outer diameter of
.072 in or 1.83 mm
159
an amber needle refers to
15 gauge
160
a 15 gauge has an outer diameter of
.065 in or 1.65 mm
161
a gray gauge refers to
16 gauge
162
a 16 gauge has an outer diameter of
.064 in or 1.63 mm
163
a green gauge refers to
18 gauge
164
an 18 gauge has an outer diameter of
0.50 in or 1.27 mm
165
a pink gauge refers to
20 gauge
166
a 20 gauge has an outer diameter of
.036 in or .91 mm
167
a purple gauge refers to
21 gauge
168
a 21 gauge has an outer diameter of
.033 in or .83 mm
169
a blue gauge refers to
22 gauge
170
a 22 gauge has an outer diameter of
.027 in or .70 mm
171
an orange gauge refers to
23 gauge
172
a 23 gauge has an outer diameter of
.025 in or .63 mm
173
a red gauge refers to
25 gauge
174
a 25 gauge has an outer diameter of
.020 in or .53 mm
175
a white gauge refers to
27 gauge
176
a 27 gauge has an outer diameter of
.016 in or .42 mm
177
this is used with evacuated collection system
holder/adapter
178
a constricting or compressing device used to control venous and arterial circulation to an extremity for a period of time
tourniquet
179
an alcohol wipes should contain how much isopropyl alcohol
70%
180
it protects the venipuncture site after collection
adhesive bandages/tape
181
needles should never be broken, bent, or recapped but should be place on a ______ immediately after use
needle disposal unit
182
it can be made of latex, rubber, vinyl, and worn to protect the patient and the phlebotomist
gloves
183
may be used in place of the evacuated collection tube for special circumstances
syringe
184
certain areas to be avoided when choosing a site
extensive scars from burns and surgery
upper extremity on the side of a previous mastectomy
hematoma may cause erroneous test results
iv therapy/blood transfusions
edematous extremities
185
test results when you collected blood in upper extremity on the side of a previous mastectomy may be affected because of
lymphedema
186
veins in the arm that are used most frequently
larger and fuller median cubital and cephalic veins
187
last resort of site selection because of higher probability of complications
foot veins
188
types of injection
subcutaneous injection
intramuscular injection
intravenous injection
intraosseus injection
intradermal injection
189
potential complications in venipuncture
infections, reaction, pain, administration error, needlestick injuries
190
to minimize risk, practice ____
proper cleaning and use of aseptic, no-touch techniques
191
how to safely administer injections
have a good hand hygiene
maintain a clean environment
prepare medications in clean conditions using a no-touch technique
special skin cleaning
wash hands, immediately dispose needles in designated sharps box, watch out for any reactions after injection
192
deliver medication into the layer of fat just under the skin
subcutaneous injection
193
delivers medication into a muscle
intramuscular injection
194
delivers medication directly into a vein
intravenous injection
195
delivers medication into bone marrow
intraosseus injection
196
delivers medication in between the layers of the skin
intradermal injection
197
up to what degree can we insert the needle in intramuscular method
90 degrees
198
up to what degree can we insert the needle in subcutaneous method
45 degrees
199
up to what degree can we insert the needle in intravenous method
25 degrees
