Finals part 1 Flashcards
memory for highly emotional events often seem to stand out
True
Emotional events remembered more easy & vivid
True
Emotion improves memory, becomes greater with time (may engage consolidation)
True
Memory for circumstances surrounding shocking, highly charged important events (NOT ABOUT THE EVENT ITSELF)
Flashbulb Memory
What is this an example of:
9/11/01
Kennedy asassination
Challenger explosion.
Where you were, and what you were doing?
~flashbulb memory
Flashbulb memory seems to be:
Highly emotional
Very vivid
Very detailed
True/False
Flashbulb memory can be inaccurate and lacking in detail like other everyday memories
True
What are these types of?
Forgetting, Memory Distortion, Source confusion, and False memory
Types of memory errors
Cant recall an item or event
forgetting
Original memory is distorted at later recall
memory distortion
source of one memory is confused for another
Source confusion
Creation of a new false memory
False memory
Encode the gist (schema) but not all the details (change blindness)
Poor encoding
Poor encoding, Schemas, Memory interference, Source confusion, Thinking/Imagination ARE ALL FACTORS THAT LEAD TO…?
memory distortion
Background knowledge that people bring to a situation
Can influence the interpretation, encoding or later recall of an event
~ex. old memories (schemas) can shape, help fill in or distort new memory to be made
Schemas
Source Memory, Source monitoring error also called “source misattributions”
Source Confusion
process of determining origins of our memories
Source Memory
misidentifying source of memory
also called “source misattributions”
Source monitoring error
Eyewitness paradigm associated with False Memory: The misinformation effect has how many steps in it?
3 steps
1) subjects watch film
2) subjects are asked leading questions about the event
3) subjects report their memory of the event after the film
How are objects placed into categories? (hint:3 approaches)
Definitional approach
Prototype approach
Exemplar approach
Classic view of definitions:
there exist defining properties!
EX. bachelor= unmarried adult male
dog= mammal,4pegs, barks, wags tail
Definitional approach
Things that are necessary and sufficient to determine identity
Defining properties definition
An abstract representation of the “typical” member of a category
Characteristic features that describe what members of that concept are like
an AVERAGE of category members ENCOUNTERED IN THE PAST
contains the MOST SALIENT FEATURES
true of most instances of that category
Prototype approach
Prototypicality (graded membership) ¿High and Low?
High: Category member CLOSELY resembles category prototype
Low: Category member DOES NOT closely resemble category prototype
True/False
Strong positive relationship between prototypicality and family resemblance
True
When items have a large amount of overlap with characteristics of other items in the category, the family resemblance of these items is high …. leads to
Low overlap= low family resemblance
Prototypical objects are processed preferentially
-highly prototypical objects are JUDGED MORE RAPIDLY
Typicality Effect
True/False
Prototypical category members are more affected by priming
True
True/False
Rosch(1975): Hearing “green” primes a highly pro typical green. Relates to Typicality effect in Prototype approach
True
Concept represented by MULTIPLE EXAMPLES rather than single prototype
Examples are ACTUAL CATEGORY MEMBERS not abstract averages
To categorize, compare the new item to stored examples (MOST SIMILAR TO NEW ITEM)
Strength of each representation based on FREQUENCY of experience
EXEMPLAR APPROACH
Concepts are arranged in networks
Node= category/concept
Concepts are linked
Hierarchy in networks
Semantic Networks
Shared properties are only stored at higher-level nodes
Cognitive Economy
True/False
Reasoning is a tool for solving problem and making decision
True
Drawing conclusions about what IS MOST PROBABLE given previous evidence
Inductive Reasoning
Drawing conclusions about what MUST BE TRUE give. previous evidence
Deductive Reasoning
