Deductive Reasoning in the beginning then middle of powerpoint Flashcards
Describe relationship. between 2 categories using “all” “no” or “some”
Premise 1: All birds are animals
Premise 2: All animals eat food
Conclusion: Therefore, all birds eat food
Categorical Syllogism
Syllogism is valid if conclusion follows LOGICALLY from it 2 premises
is it logical or true…..?
Categorical Syllogism: Validity and Truth
If p, then q. (if it is sunny, then i will go picnic)
p(sunny): antecedent
q(go picnic): consequent
If it is sunny, then i will go picnic
It was sunny. or. I didn’t go picnic
Therefore, it I went picnic. or. it was not sunny
Conditional Syllogism
To test a rule, you must look for situations that falsify the rule
- most people fail to do this
- when problem is stated in concrete everyday terms, correct responses greatly increase
Falsification Principle
p, therefore q
Affirming Antecedent
~q, therefore ~p
denying consequent
If a card has a vowel (p) on one side, it has an even (q) number on the other side
WASON 4-card problem
Wason Four-Card Problem: Role of Regulation
If a person is drinking beer, they had better be older than 21
~INDUCTIVE REASONING~
Premises are based on OBSERVATIONS
We GENERALIZE from these cases to more general conclusions with varying degrees of certainty
Conclusions (arguments) are SUGGESTIVE
Nature of Inductive Reasoning
~INDUCTIVE REASONING~
Strengths of Arguments???
REPRESENTATIVENESS of Observations
NUMBER of Observations
QUALITY OF EVIDENCE
~JUDGEMENT~ • Availability Heuristics •Representativeness Heuristics • Attribute Substitution • Anchoring and adjustment
Strategies of System 1 (Intuitive)
items that can be easily retrieved from memory are judged to occur more often (ex. choose road trip instead of flight)
Available Heuristics
Impossible to retrieve all occurrences and non-occurrences of A, so availability also used for probability judgments
Probability P(A)=A/(A+notA)
The probability that A comes from B can be determined by how well A resembles properties of B
- Assumption
- Recall FAMILY RESEMBLANCE THEORY
Representativeness Heuristics
Each member of a category is representative of that category
Assumption