Deductive Reasoning in the beginning then middle of powerpoint Flashcards

1
Q

Describe relationship. between 2 categories using “all” “no” or “some”

Premise 1: All birds are animals
Premise 2: All animals eat food
Conclusion: Therefore, all birds eat food

A

Categorical Syllogism

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2
Q

Syllogism is valid if conclusion follows LOGICALLY from it 2 premises

is it logical or true…..?

A

Categorical Syllogism: Validity and Truth

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3
Q

If p, then q. (if it is sunny, then i will go picnic)
p(sunny): antecedent
q(go picnic): consequent

If it is sunny, then i will go picnic
It was sunny. or. I didn’t go picnic
Therefore, it I went picnic. or. it was not sunny

A

Conditional Syllogism

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4
Q

To test a rule, you must look for situations that falsify the rule

  • most people fail to do this
  • when problem is stated in concrete everyday terms, correct responses greatly increase
A

Falsification Principle

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5
Q

p, therefore q

A

Affirming Antecedent

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6
Q

~q, therefore ~p

A

denying consequent

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7
Q

If a card has a vowel (p) on one side, it has an even (q) number on the other side

A

WASON 4-card problem

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8
Q

Wason Four-Card Problem: Role of Regulation

A

If a person is drinking beer, they had better be older than 21

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9
Q

~INDUCTIVE REASONING~
Premises are based on OBSERVATIONS
We GENERALIZE from these cases to more general conclusions with varying degrees of certainty
Conclusions (arguments) are SUGGESTIVE

A

Nature of Inductive Reasoning

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10
Q

~INDUCTIVE REASONING~

Strengths of Arguments???

A

REPRESENTATIVENESS of Observations
NUMBER of Observations
QUALITY OF EVIDENCE

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11
Q
~JUDGEMENT~
 • Availability Heuristics
 •Representativeness Heuristics
 • Attribute Substitution 
 • Anchoring and adjustment
A

Strategies of System 1 (Intuitive)

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12
Q

items that can be easily retrieved from memory are judged to occur more often (ex. choose road trip instead of flight)

A

Available Heuristics

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13
Q

Impossible to retrieve all occurrences and non-occurrences of A, so availability also used for probability judgments

A

Probability P(A)=A/(A+notA)

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14
Q

The probability that A comes from B can be determined by how well A resembles properties of B

  • Assumption
  • Recall FAMILY RESEMBLANCE THEORY
A

Representativeness Heuristics

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15
Q

Each member of a category is representative of that category

A

Assumption

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16
Q

Representativeness heuristics can result in wrongful judgments by ignoring: (3 things)

A

Base Rate, Prior Probability, Conjunction Rule

17
Q

people tend to selectively look for information that conforms to their hypothesis and overlook information that argues against it

A

Confirmation Bias

18
Q

Describe how people SHOULD behave

Assumes PEOPLE MAKE RATIONAL DECISIONS that maximize the EXPECTED VALUE of outcomes

A

Normative approach to decision making

19
Q

EV= £[P1V1]

A

EXPECTED VALUE

20
Q

Describe how people ACTUALLY behave
Assumes PEOPLE ARE NOT RATIONAL (they don’t maximize expected ‘Value’)
Utility Theory

A

Descriptive approach to decision making

21
Q

Outcomes that are desirable because they are in the persons best interest

A

Utility

22
Q

EU=£[PiVi]

A

Expected Utility

23
Q

Utility determined by changes from current state

A

Framing effects

24
Q

Steeper for losses than gains

A

Loss aversion

25
Q

Concave for gains and convex for losses (S-shaped)

A

Risk averse for gains, risk seeking for losses)

26
Q

People tend to be influenced by the manner in which identical choices are presented or framed

A

Framing Effect