Deductive Reasoning in the beginning then middle of powerpoint

Question 1

Describe relationship. between 2 categories using “all” “no” or “some”

Premise 1: All birds are animals
Premise 2: All animals eat food
Conclusion: Therefore, all birds eat food

Answer 1

Categorical Syllogism

Question 2

Syllogism is valid if conclusion follows LOGICALLY from it 2 premises

is it logical or true…..?

Answer 2

Categorical Syllogism: Validity and Truth

Question 3

If p, then q. (if it is sunny, then i will go picnic)
p(sunny): antecedent
q(go picnic): consequent

If it is sunny, then i will go picnic
It was sunny. or. I didn’t go picnic
Therefore, it I went picnic. or. it was not sunny

Answer 3

Conditional Syllogism

Question 4

To test a rule, you must look for situations that falsify the rule

• most people fail to do this
• when problem is stated in concrete everyday terms, correct responses greatly increase

Answer 4

Falsification Principle

Question 5

p, therefore q

Answer 5

Affirming Antecedent

Question 6

~q, therefore ~p

Answer 6

denying consequent

Question 7

If a card has a vowel (p) on one side, it has an even (q) number on the other side

Answer 7

WASON 4-card problem

Question 8

Wason Four-Card Problem: Role of Regulation

Answer 8

If a person is drinking beer, they had better be older than 21

Question 9

~INDUCTIVE REASONING~
Premises are based on OBSERVATIONS
We GENERALIZE from these cases to more general conclusions with varying degrees of certainty
Conclusions (arguments) are SUGGESTIVE

Answer 9

Nature of Inductive Reasoning

Question 10

~INDUCTIVE REASONING~

Strengths of Arguments???

Answer 10

REPRESENTATIVENESS of Observations
NUMBER of Observations
QUALITY OF EVIDENCE

Question 11

~JUDGEMENT~
 • Availability Heuristics
 •Representativeness Heuristics
 • Attribute Substitution 
 • Anchoring and adjustment

Answer 11

Strategies of System 1 (Intuitive)

Question 12

items that can be easily retrieved from memory are judged to occur more often (ex. choose road trip instead of flight)

Answer 12

Available Heuristics

Question 13

Impossible to retrieve all occurrences and non-occurrences of A, so availability also used for probability judgments

Answer 13

Probability P(A)=A/(A+notA)

Question 14

The probability that A comes from B can be determined by how well A resembles properties of B

• Assumption
• Recall FAMILY RESEMBLANCE THEORY

Answer 14

Representativeness Heuristics

Question 15

Each member of a category is representative of that category

Answer 15

Assumption

Question 16

Representativeness heuristics can result in wrongful judgments by ignoring: (3 things)

Answer 16

Base Rate, Prior Probability, Conjunction Rule

Question 17

people tend to selectively look for information that conforms to their hypothesis and overlook information that argues against it

Answer 17

Confirmation Bias

Question 18

Describe how people SHOULD behave

Assumes PEOPLE MAKE RATIONAL DECISIONS that maximize the EXPECTED VALUE of outcomes

Answer 18

Normative approach to decision making

Question 19

EV= £[P1V1]

Answer 19

EXPECTED VALUE

Question 20

Describe how people ACTUALLY behave
Assumes PEOPLE ARE NOT RATIONAL (they don’t maximize expected ‘Value’)
Utility Theory

Answer 20

Descriptive approach to decision making

Question 21

Outcomes that are desirable because they are in the persons best interest

Answer 21

Utility

Question 22

EU=£[PiVi]

Answer 22

Expected Utility

Question 23

Utility determined by changes from current state

Answer 23

Framing effects

Question 24

Steeper for losses than gains

Answer 24

Loss aversion

Question 25

Concave for gains and convex for losses (S-shaped)

Answer 25

Risk averse for gains, risk seeking for losses)

Question 26

People tend to be influenced by the manner in which identical choices are presented or framed

Answer 26

Framing Effect