Finals packet Flashcards
- Where does glycolysis take place?
Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell
- What goes glycolysis begin with?
It begins with glucose
- At the end of glycolysis, what do you end up with?
You end up with a net of 36 ATP, or 38 ATP total
- What we the overall production of ATP and the net gain of ATP in glycolysis?
Overall there is 38 totally ATP while there is only a net gain of 36
- What is the electron carrier in glycolysis?
NAD+ is the electron carrier in glycolysis
- After glycolysis, if oxygen is present, what step(s) are next?
If there IS oxygen, then next it (what?) goes to the mitochondria (Krebs cycle) to which it then goes on the membrane (Electron Transport Chain) where 32 ATP is produced.
- After glycolysis, if oxygen IS NOT present, what step(s) are next?
If there IS NO oxygen, then in animals glucose transforms into pyruvic acid through lactic acid fermentation (sore feeling, cheese, yogurt, sour cream). In yeast/bacteria, glucose transforms into pyruvic acid through alcoholic fermentation (alcohol, ethyl alcohol).
- Where does cellular respiration take place?
It takes place in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, and on the mitochondria membrane
- What is the equation of cellular respiration?
ATP + C(6)H(12)O(6) + 6O(2) —-> 6CO(2) + H(2)O + energy
- How many ATP’s are produced in cellular respiration?
A net of 36 ATP are produced with a total of 38 ATP being produced
- What are the 2 types of fermentation?
The two types are lactic acid fermentation (found in muscles and microorganisms) and alcoholic fermentation (found in yeast/bacteria).
- What type of fermentation do we go through?
We go through lactic acid fermentation which happens when we work out (it’s the sore feeling in our muscles).
- What type organisms go through the other type?
The only organisms that go through the other cycle are bacteria and yeast (not sure if it is an organism though?).
- What are the electron carriers produced in the Kreb’s cycle?
In the Kreb’s cycle 2 ATP, NADH, and FADH(underscore 2) are produced.
- Where do they go after they leave the Kreb’s cycle?
They go to the electron transport chain after the Kreb’s cycle
- For every 1 pyruvic acid put into the Kreb’s cycle, how many ATP’s are produced?
For every turn of the Kreb’s cycle, 1 ATP is produced
- How do the H+ ions get across the inner membrane in the electron transport chain?
Hydrogen ions get across the inner membrane in the ETC by diffusion
- Explain the process of how ADP is changed into ATP in the electron transport chain?
ADP is turned into ATP with energy from the H+ ions and 1 phosphorous
- How long does lactic acid fermentation supply a runner in a race with energy for?
Only for a few seconds because it doesn’t last long
- What are the four stages of the cell cycle?
The four stages are (interphase), prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
- What are the three stages of interphase?
The three stages of interphase are G1 (growth), S (DNA synthesis), G2 (more growth, organelles reproduce).
- What occurs in G1
In G1, the cell under goes GROWTH
- What occurs in G2?
In G2, the cell under goes more growth and he organelles reproduce
- What occurs in S?
In S, the cell under goes DNA synthesis
- What are the four stages of mitosis? (Be able to recognize pictures)
The four stages of mitosis are prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
- What occurs in prophase?
In prophase, the cell basically under goes preparation for duplication. To be more descriptive, chromatin coils up and forms chromosomes, the nucleolus and nucleus membrane (envelope) fade away which causes the nucleus to disappear, and then the spindle fibers for, between the centrioles.
- What occurs in metaphase?
In metaphase, the chromosomes attach to the spindle fibers at their centrioles and the chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell (equator).
- What occurs in anaphase?
In anaphase, sister chromatids separate by the shortening of the spindle fibers.
- What occurs in telophase? (Tear)
In telophase, the chromatids reach the opposite sides (poles) of the cell, the chromosomes uncoil to reform chromatid, spindle fibers begin to break down, nucleolus reappears, new nuclear membrane forms around each new set of chromosomes, and the plasma membrane begins to separate into 2 new nuclei.
- What occurs in cytokinesis?
In cytokinesis, the cytoplasm divides. In animals, there is a cleavage furrow while in plants there is a cell plate.
- How many cells are produced in mitosis? Are they haploid or diploid?
Two cells are produced in mitosis and they are diploid.
- What is an internal regulator?
An internal regulator is the age or gender of an organism that can affect a gene function
- Give an example of an internal regulator.
An example is baldness
- What is an external regulator?
An external regulator is temperature nutrition, light, chemicals, and infectious agents
- Give an example of an external regulator.
An example is the fur color in rabbits and temperature of environment
- Who was the leading scientist in the introduction of genetics?
Mendel
- Know how to read a Punnett square.
Gotcha (look over it!)
- What is the phenotype ratio?
This ratio has to do with looks and it is - dominant:recessive
- What is the genotype ratio?
This ratio has to deal with the genetics of an organism and its ratio is - HomozygousD:Heterozygous:HomozygousR
- What are the principles of segregation?
The principles of segregation states that members or each pair of genes separate when gametes are formed (meiosis = real)
- What is the probability of flipping heads?
1/2
- What is the probability of flipping heads on the 3rd flip?
1/2
- What is the probability of flipping 3 heads in a row?
1/8
- What is an example of incomplete dominance and codominance?
Incomplete dominance are cases in which one Allen is not completely dominant over another which an example being how a white flower and a red flower may produce a flower that is both red and white. Codominance is when an allele is neither dominant nor recessive with an example being the same two flowers except now they produce an offspring that is pink.
- What is and example of multiple alleles?
Multiple alleles are where they have than two alleles and an example of this would be how you can create a Punnett square crossing two traits (say, eye color and hair color)
- How many chromosomes do we have in our body cells? Sex cells?
We have 46 chromosomes in our body cells and our sex cells only have 23