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FINALS - LIVER FUNCTION Flashcards

1
Q

What bodily consequence occurs within approximately 24 hours if the liver becomes completely nonfunctional?

A

Hypoglycemia

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2
Q

Which function is performed by the liver in relation to proteins?

A

Protein metabolism

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3
Q

What happens to the liver when it is damaged repeatedly over a long period of time?

A

It undergoes irreversible changes

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4
Q

Which substance is NOT cleared by the liver into bile or blood for excretion?

A

Essential vitamins

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5
Q

What unique ability does the liver possess?

A

Cell regeneration

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6
Q

Which pathology is the focus of the chapter in the context of the liver?

A

Liver disorders

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7
Q

The liver’s ability to regenerate is limited in the case of what type of damage?

A

Long-term repeated injury

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8
Q

What would indicate the liver’s detoxification function?

A

Conversion of ammonia to urea

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9
Q

What does the chapter specifically focus on regarding the liver?

A

Normal structure and function, pathology, and diagnostic tests

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10
Q

Metabolism of which substance is NOT a function of the liver?

A

Nucleic acids

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11
Q

What is the approximate weight of a healthy adult liver?

A

1.2 to 1.5 kg

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12
Q

Where is the liver located in the body?

A

Beneath and attached to the diaphragm

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13
Q

Which lobe of the liver is the largest?

A

Right lobe

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13
Q

Approximately how much larger is the right lobe compared to the left lobe?

A

Six times larger

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13
Q

What ligament divides the liver into two lobes?

A

Falciform ligament

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14
Q

What percentage of the liver’s blood supply comes from the hepatic artery?

A

25%

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15
Q

What is the primary function of the portal vein in the liver?

A

Supplies nutrient-rich blood

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16
Q

What vein is responsible for merging the blood supplies in the liver?

A

Hepatic sinusoid

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17
Q

How much blood passes through the liver per minute?

A

1500 mL

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18
Q

Where does the liver’s excretory system begin?

A

Bile canaliculi

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19
Q

What do intrahepatic ducts form when they join together?

A

Right and left hepatic ducts

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20
Q

Where are combined digestive secretions ultimately expelled?

A

Duodenum

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21
Q

What are the microscopic units of the liver called?

A

Lobules

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21
Q

What structure is centrally located within each liver lobule?

A

Central vein

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22
Q

What is the primary function of Kupffer cells in the liver?

A

Phagocytosis of bacteria and debris

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23
Q

What type of cells make up approximately 80% of the liver’s volume?

A

Hepatocytes

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24
Q

What is the principal pigment found in bile?

A

Bilirubin

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25
Q

For how many days does a red blood cell typically live before being phagocytized?

A

120 days

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26
Q

Which of the following does NOT happen to hemoglobin after red blood cells are phagocytized?

A

Converted to bile acids

27
Q

How much bile does the body excrete per day?

A

1L

28
Q

How long does it take for the heme portion of hemoglobin to be converted to bilirubin?

A

2-3 hours

29
Q

What would happen if the liver becomes nonfunctional?

A

Death within 24 hours

29
Q

Which cell type in the liver is responsible for its regenerative properties?

A

Hepatocytes

30
Q

What is the principal pigment in bile?

A

Bilirubin

31
Q

How much bile does the body produce approximately per day?

A

3 L

32
Q

What form of bilirubin is water-soluble?

A

Conjugated bilirubin

33
Q

Which enzyme is responsible for the conjugation of bilirubin?

A

UDPGT

34
Q

Which product gives stool its brown color?

A

Stercobilin

35
Q

What percentage of urobilinogen is oxidized to urobilin and excreted in feces?

A

80%

36
Q

How much bilirubin is produced per day in a healthy adult?

A

200 to 300 mg

37
Q

What is the range of total bilirubin in the serum of a healthy adult?

A

0.2 to 1.0 mg/dL

38
Q

What is the principal storage form of glucose in the liver?

A

Glycogen

39
Q

Which process describes the liver breaking down glycogen to glucose?

A

Glycogenolysis

40
Q

What percentage of daily cholesterol production is produced by the liver?

A

70%

41
Q

What is produced during the deamination of amino acids in the liver?

A

Ammonium ions

42
Q

Which process involves the liver creating glucose from non-sugar substrates like pyruvate, lactate, and amino acids?

A

Gluconeogenesis

43
Q

What is jaundice caused by?

A

Retention of bilirubin

44
Q

At what level of bilirubin does jaundice become noticeable to the human eye?

A

3.0 to 5.0 mg/dL

45
Q

What is the term ‘icterus’ used to describe?

A

Yellow discoloration due to bilirubin in the serum or plasma

46
Q

Which type of jaundice is caused by an intrinsic liver defect or disease?

A

Hepatic jaundice

47
Q

What type of jaundice results from increased red blood cell destruction?

A

Prehepatic jaundice

48
Q

What is the term for increased levels of unconjugated bilirubin in prehepatic jaundice?

A

Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia

49
Q

Which type of bilirubin is bound to albumin and is not detected in urine?

A

Unconjugated bilirubin

50
Q

Which syndrome is associated with intermittent unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia and has no morbidity or mortality in the majority of affected individuals?

A

Gilbert’s syndrome

51
Q

Which syndrome is characterized by a complete absence of enzymatic bilirubin conjugation?

A

Crigler-Najjar syndrome type 1

52
Q

What is the main substance causing yellow discoloration in samples referred to as ‘icteric’?

A

Bilirubin

52
Q

Which syndrome is caused by a deficiency in the canalicular multidrug resistance/multispecific organic anionic transporter protein (MDR2/cMOAT)?

A

Dubin-Johnson syndrome

53
Q

Which genetic mutation results in Gilbert’s syndrome?

A

Mutation in UGT1A1 gene

54
Q

What replaces normal, healthy liver tissue in cirrhosis?

A

Scar tissue

55
Q

What percentage of hepatic malignancies are classified as metastatic?

A

90% to 95%

56
Q

Which of the following cancers commonly spread to the liver?

A

Colon cancer

57
Q

What is a common benign tumor of the liver that occurs almost exclusively in females of childbearing age?

A

Hepatocellular adenoma

58
Q

Which condition is the fourth leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide?

A

Hepatocellular carcinoma

59
Q

Which rare hepatic malignancy is found specifically in children?

A

Hepatoblastoma

60
Q

What acute illness features noninflammatory encephalopathy and fatty liver degeneration?

A

Reye’s syndrome

61
Q

During which stage of Reye’s syndrome does loss of brain stem reflexes occur?

A

Stage 5

62
Q

What percentage of acute liver failure cases in the United States are attributed to drug-induced liver disease?

A

One-third to one-half

63
Q

Which substance is identified as the most important drug associated with hepatic toxicity?

A

Ethanol

64
Q

What percentage of alcohol is transported to the liver for metabolism after being absorbed from the stomach and small intestines?

A

90%

65
Q

Which of the following conditions is associated with increased levels of urinary urobilinogen?

A

Hemolytic disease

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