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CC > FINALS - LIPIDS AND LIPOPROTEIN > Flashcards

FINALS - LIPIDS AND LIPOPROTEIN Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of chylomicrons?

A

Transport dietary triglycerides to peripheral tissues

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2
Q

Which lipoprotein is responsible for redistributing dietary and hepatic-synthesized triglycerides during fasting?

A

VLDL

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3
Q

Which lipoprotein gathers up excess cholesterol for transport back to the liver?

A

LDL

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4
Q

What disease is associated with abnormal serum lipids (dyslipidemia)?

A

Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

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5
Q

What is the consequence of having elevated levels of Intermediate-Density Lipoproteins (IDLs)?

A

Higher risk of peripheral vascular disease (PVD) and coronary artery disease (CAD)

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6
Q

Which type of fatty acids do most triglycerides from plant sources contain?

A

Polyunsaturated fatty acids

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7
Q

What type of fatty acid configuration typically forms oils at room temperature?

A

Cis unsaturated fatty acids

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8
Q

In what form do fatty acids mostly exist in plasma?

A

Constituent of triglycerides or phospholipids

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9
Q

Which type of lipoprotein is rich in triglycerides and is the major carrier of endogenous triglycerides?

A

VLDL

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10
Q

What is a characteristic feature of LDL particles?

A

Contain Apo B100 and are cholesterol-rich

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11
Q

Which lipoprotein particles are described as being very hydrophobic and virtually water insoluble?

A

Triglycerides

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12
Q

What type of bond links Apo(a) to Apo B100 in Lp(a) particles?

A

Disulfide bond

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12
Q

What type of bond attaches fatty acids to the glycerol backbone in triglycerides?

A

Ester bond

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13
Q

Which lipoprotein is associated with an increased CHD risk when its particles are small and dense?

A

LDL

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14
Q

What is the role of cholesterol in the body?

A

Facilitate triglyceride transport by lipoproteins

Maintain normal structure and integrity of cell
membranes

Act as a precursor for steroid hormone synthesis

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15
Q

What determines the size and density heterogeneity of Lp(a) particles?

A

The number of repeating peptide sequences called kringles

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16
Q

What condition is associated with elevated levels of Lp(a) (>30 mg/dL)?

A

Premature CHD and stroke

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17
Q

What primarily affects the plasma levels of Lp(a) within an individual?

A

Isoform size

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17
Q

What is the primary mechanism proposed to explain the antiatherogenic property of HDL?

A

Reverse cholesterol transport

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18
Q

Which organ is postulated to be responsible for the removal of Lp(a)?

A

Kidney

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19
Q

Which type of HDL is larger and less dense?

A

HDL2

20
Q

What percentage of dietary triglycerides are typically absorbed by the intestine?

A

Greater than 90%

20
Q

Which pathway involves the transport of fatty acids generated during lipolysis to peripheral cells?

A

Exogenous pathway

20
Q

What forms large aggregates with bile acids during lipid absorption?

A

Micelles

21
Q

Where are newly synthesized chylomicrons initially secreted?

A

Into the lacteals

22
Q

Dyslipidemia as a risk factor for CVD is well-documented to begin in which age group?

A

Childhood

23
Q

What happens to VLDL particles after lipolysis in the endogenous pathway?

A

They become IDLs or VLDL remnants

24
Q

What is the primary underlying cause of arteriosclerosis?

A

Buildup of cholesterol plaques

25
Q

Which type of arteriosclerosis involves the hardening and narrowing of large arteries?

A

Atherosclerosis

26
Q

What can fatty streaks develop into over time?

A

Plaques

27
Q

What is the term for cholesterol deposits in the skin that form nodules?

A

Xanthomas

28
Q

Which condition is associated with cholesterol deposits in tendons?

A

Familial hypercholesterolemia

29
Q

Hypertriglyceridemia with a triglyceride level greater than 500 mg/dL is considered:

A

Very high

30
Q

Which hormone is known to influence serum triglyceride levels by triggering hormone-sensitive lipase?

A

Epinephrine

31
Q

Combined hyperlipidemia involves the elevation of which serum levels?

A

Both cholesterol and triglycerides

32
Q

Elevations in Lp(a) levels in conjunction with LDL are associated with increased risk for which conditions?

A

CHD and CVD

33
Q

Hypobetalipoproteinemia is characterized by low levels of which lipoprotein?

A

LDL

34
Q

What characterizes hypoalphalipoproteinemia?

A

Isolated decrease in HDL

35
Q

Which of the following conditions is associated with fatty acid synthesis due to increased shunting of glucose into the pentose pathway?

A

Diabetes mellitus

36
Q

Why are lipids and lipoproteins measured in clinical practice?

A

To estimate the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD)

37
Q

Which type of sample is typically preferred for total cholesterol testing?

A

Serum or plasma specimens from fasting patients

38
Q

What can be done to a serum/plasma specimen to preserve it if analysis is delayed?

A

Refrigerate at 4°C

39
Q

Why are triglyceride measurements usually done on a fasting sample?

A

Because triglycerides can significantly increase after a meal

40
Q

What physical properties are used in the separation and quantitation of serum lipoproteins?

A

Density, size, charge, and apolipoprotein content

41
Q

Which method combines ultracentrifugation and chemical precipitation for LDL-C quantitation?

A

β-quantification

42
Q

What is Apo A1 commonly used to measure in clinical diagnostics?

A

HDL levels as cholesterol content

42
Q

Which apolipoprotein is considered a better indicator of atherogenic particles than LDL-C?

A

Apo B

43
Q

Which choline-containing phospholipids account for at least 95% of total phospholipids in serum?

A

Lecithin, lysolecithin, and sphingomyelin

44
Q

Which variant of LDL has been shown as an independent indicator of CHD risk?

A

Lp(a)

45
Q

Why is ultracentrifugation preferred for VLDL separation in LDL-C quantitation?

A

Other methods may have interference from chylomicrons

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