finals Flashcards
Regulates what enters and exits the cell
cell membrane
control center for eukaryotic cells; contains DNA
nucleus
protein synthesis takes place on this “workbench”
ribosome
converts chemical energy in food to ATP
mitochondria
converts light energy to chemical energy in plants
chloroplast
order of simplest to most complex level of organization
atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population
prokaryotes
no nucleus, single cell, no organelles,
eukaryotes
nucleus, may be multicellular, organelles
prokaryotes and eukaryotes
DNA, cytoplasm, ribosomes, cell membrane
3 structures plant cells have that animal cells do not
cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplast
diffusion of water
osmosis
moves materials from a region of high concentration to low concentration
diffusion
difference in concentration of substance inside vs. outside the cell
concentration gradient
moves materials against a concentration gradient
active transport
diffusion requiring special channel proteins in the cell membrane
facilitated diffusion
which transport requires energy?
active transport
what happens to a plant and animal cell in a hypertonic solution?
plant: membrane shrivels inside cell wall, central vacuole loses water
animal: shrivels
what happens to a plant and animal cell in a hypotonic solution ?
plant: central vacuole swells, cell wall prevents plant cell from bursting
animal: swells, then explodes (lysis)
what are 4 beneficial jobs bacteria do that make them important in maintaining the living world
recycle nutrients, break down decaying organisms
explain why antibiotics can be used to control bacterial infections but are not effective against a virus
antibiotics inhibit life functions in bacteria, viruses are not living
what are 2 components that are found In every virus?
nucleic acid and protein
what types of genetic material do viruses use?
DNA or RNA
occurs in most body cells
mitosis
DNA must be replicated before this type of cell division occurs
mitosis and meiosis
required for sexual reproduction
meiosis
used for growth and repair
mitosis
a multi- step process
mitosis and meiosis
daughter cells are identical to each other and to original cell
mitosis
increases genetic variation in a population or species
meiosis
produces 4 haploid gamete cells
meiosis
produces 2 diploid body cells
mitosis
haploid
only 1 copy of each chromosome
gastrulation
cells arrange in layers to form primary tissues
differentiation
cells become specialized
ATP can be recharged by adding a
phosphate
ADP
Low energy form of ATP
chemical equation for cellular respiration (is for both plants and animals)
C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (stored as ATP)
chemical equation for photosynthesis
6C02 +6H2O (add energy) —> C6H12O6 +6O2
cells get “fuel” to make ATP from
food (glucose)
cells get ____ to burn this fuel from the air
oxygen
cells give off ____ and ____ as waste products of cellular respiration
CO2 and water
all organic molecules contain the element
carbon
made of amino acids; many roles in cells, including increasing rates of chemical reactions
protein
provides quick energy for cells
carbohydrate
hydrophobic, nonpolar. one form makes up cell membrane
lipid phospholipid
stores genetic information
nucleic acid
autotroph
an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances (carbon)
chlorophyll
responsible for the absorption of light to provide energy for photosynthesis
gamete
a mature haploid germ cell that is able to unite with another opposite sex to form a zygote
nondisjunction
the failure of one or more pairs of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate normally during nuclear division
