Finals Flashcards
Anemia
Aplastic Anemia
Hemorrhagic Anemia
Congenital hemolytic Anemia
Not enough RBC to transport O2 throughout body
Destruction/inhibition of RBC due to toxins, radiation
Acute/chronic loss of blood
Ruptured RBC due to genetic defect
Iron defiency anemia
Pernicious anemia
Thalassemias
Sickle cell anemia
Not enough iron intake/ absorption
Lack of vitamin b12 due to intrinsic factor(can’t absorb b12 in stomach)
Absent/faulty glob in chain in Hb
Defective gene coding for abnormal Hb.
4 types of diabetes
Diabetes type 1(autoimmune disorder) immune system attacks the beta cells in pancreas
Diabetes type 2- overeat and your body cannot accommodate the amount of insulin it needs to regulate sugar cycles. Or insulin does not work
Diabetes insipidus- ADH does not work and you put out a huge output of urine
Gestational diabetes- develops during pregnancy, body cannot make enough insulin for mom & baby. ( Goes away after pregnancy but can develop into type 2 diabetes.)
Hematopoiesis
Erytropesis
Erythropoietin
Blood cell formation
Production of RBC
hormone released by kidneys, increases RBC
Polycythemia
Leukopoiesis
Too many RBC increase stickiness of blood, puts Statin on heart.
WBC synthesis
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Macrophagesr
Fight disease
Fight parasitic worms, increase in allergic reactions & malaria
Produce histamine, acts as a vasodilator, heparin anticoagulant
T cells= made in thymus
B cells= made in bone marrow
Differentiate in macrophages, form in bone marrow & spleen
Actively phagocytic
Type AB blood can receive??
Type B blood can receive??
Type A blood can receive??
Type O blood can receive??
Type A,B,AB, O (universal recipient)
Type B, O
Type A, O
Type O only… (Universal donor)
Right side pumps….
Left side pumps….
Arteries
Return blood to the heart
Deoxygenated blood to lungs
Oxygenated blood to the body
Take blood away from the body
Superior/inferior vena cava
2 rt., 2 lt., pulmonary veins
3 negative feedback mechanism?
Humoral stimuli( ions & nutients) Neural stimuli (epinephrine) Hormonal stimuli (hormone release another hormone)
Follicle stimulating hormone stimulates…..
Leutinizing hormone stimulates…..
Egg or sperm production
Promotes production of hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testerone)
A type of corticosteroid to increase blood sugar levels. Released by anterior pituitary.
Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults results in….
Calcitonin enhances calcium deposits in bones( takes excess Ca and store it in bones),which endocrine gland is this made in?
Glucocorticoids
Acromegaly
Thyroid gland
Formation of glucose from lipids
3 groups that are made from the adrenal gland
Glucogenesis
Glucocorticoid(cortisol)
Mineralcorticoids(aldosterone)
Gonadcorticods(androgens)
Which hormone is secreted when sodium and water is TOO LOW and potassium levels are too high?
3 stages of stress response.
Which gland secretes melatonin?
Aldosterone
Alarm, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion
Pineal gland
Breakdown glycogen to glucose
Make glucose from lactic acid and non carbohydrate
Converts glycogen into glucose in the liver
Glucogenolysis
Glucogenesis
Glucagon
Functions of blood
What are RBC filled with?
Name the 3 polycythemia:
- uncontrolled RBC synthesis
- high EPO levels
- inject own blood, EPO injections
Distribute, regulate, protect
Hemoglobin, help with O2 transport
Polycythemia Vera
Secondary polycythemia
Blood doping
Leukocytosis
High WBC count
Carry impulses toward heart apex and ventricular walls.
Amount of blood pumped by heart each ventricle in one minute.
Hyperkalemia/ Hypokalemia
Purkinje fibers
Cardiac output
Cardiac arrest/ irregular heart beat
Connects 2 atria preventing blood flow to lungs (fetus)
Connects pulmonary trunk to aorta vessel. (Fetus)
Foramen ovale
Ductus arteriosus
Capillaries that are most abundant in skin, muscles, lungs and nervous system.
Capillaries that are found wherever active capillary absorption or filtrate formation occurs… (Small intestines, endocrine glands, kidneys)
Leaky capillaries found in liver and bone marrow
Continuous capillaries
Fenestranged capillaries
Sinusoid capillaries
Formation of new BV
Cancer cells secrete chemicals to form blood vessels
MAP ( Mean Atrial Pressure)
Angiogenesis
Tumor angiogenesis
Pressure that takes blood to the tissues
Hormone that lowers BP
ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)
Temporary low BP, and dizziness when suddenly rising from a sitting or reclining position.
Poor nutrition & a warning sign for Addisons Disease.
Circulatory shock, blood not moving
Orthodontic hypotension
Chronic hypotension
Acute hypotension
Disorders include excessive renin secretions, arteriosclerosis, and endocrine disorders
Factors based on diet, obesity, age,race, hereditary,stress,smoking
Secondary hypertension
Primary hypertension
BV are not filled and cannot circulate blood.
Large scale blood loss
Poor circulation
Heart too weak to pump blood
Circulatory shock
Hypovolemic shock
Vascular shock
Cardiogenic shock
Merging blood vessel(more common in veins)
Alternate pathways for blood to reach specific regions. (Occurs when there are blockages)
Blood is transported from an artery directly in a vein
Anastomoses
Arterial anastomoses
Arteriovenous anastomoses
Lymphatic capillaries are more permeable than blood vessel capillaries..
Lymph vessels that are intestine area (intestinal mucosa)
Name 2 ducts lymph is drained into?
True
Lacteals
Right lymphatic duct(drains rt. upper arm, rt. side of head & thorax) Thoracic duct ( arises cisterns chyli, drains rest of the body)
Lymph does not have a pumping system,meow does it move through lymph vessels?
Manage immune system, attack and destroy foreign cells.
Antibodies immobilize antigens
Pulsations (from arteries)
Contractions ( smooth muscles)
T-cells
B-cells
Phagocytize foreign substances, help activate t-cells.
Similar function of macrophages, spiny looking.
Produce a stoma that supports other cell types in lymphoid organ.
Macrophages
Dendritic cells
Reticular cells
Scattered reticular tissue in every body organ.
Composed of dendritic & b-cells.
2 functions of lymph nodes
Diffuse lymphatic tissue
Germinal center
Filtration (macrophages destroy microorganism & debris)
Immune system activation ( monitor antigens, mount & attack them)
Contains follicles heavy with dividing b-cells.
Houses T-cells in transit
Cortex
Deep cortex
3 other Lymphoid organs
Spleens, thymus, tonsils
Peyers Patches
Protects digestive/respiratory system from foreign matter.
Cancer that contains abnormal b-cells, effects ages (15-40yo)
All cancers of lymph systems, genetic origin. (60 years older)
Destroy bacteria, keep them from breaching intestine walls. (Also in appendix)
MALT
Hodgkins disease
Non-hodgkins
Removes RBC and store them,stores iron, platelets. Site for fetal RBC productions.
Red pulp of…….
Spleen
Disposing of worn out RBC & blood borne pathogens
Spleen contains…..
Secretes hormones thymosin & thymopoietin, cause t-cells to activate the immune system.
Name 4 tonsils
Many RBC, macrophages, & lymphocytes
Thymus
Palestine tonsils
Lingual tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsils
Tubal tonsils
Name 2 intrinsic defense systems
Natural killer cells are apart of innate defense system, they contain this protein….
Redness, heat, swelling, & pain indicates what??
Innate (1st line of defense)
Adaptive(humoral(b-cells) cellular (t-cells)
MHC (major histo compatibility)
Acute inflammation
Antimicrobial proteins produces proteins that stop a microorganism to reproduce. Name the protein.
Macrophage & NK kills what type of cell?
Infereon ( produce antiviral protein to stop reproduction.
Cancer cells
** 5 CLASSES OF ANTIBODIES***
Attached to B cells
Skin, trachea, tonsils
Most abundant
Saliva, sweat, mucus
1st to be released
IgD
IgE
IgG
IgA
IgM
TYPES OF ANTIBODY MECHANISM*
Bond several antigens causing clumping.
Antigens are collected so macrophages can attack.
Antigens bind to & block specific sites on bacteria.
Lysis bacteria cell membrane.
Aggulation
Precipitation
Neutralization
Complement system
Display all body cells and are recognized by cytotoxic cells.. What is the role?
Regulate t-cells
Evolve from b or T cells to respond to 2nd infections quicker.
Only cell that can directly kill other cells
Class 1 MHC proteins… Signal cytotoxic cells to kill antigen living inside cell…..
Suppressor T cells
Memory T cells
Cytotoxic T cells
Name the 4 different types of skin grafts
Autografts ( grafts is taken from another part of an individual body.
Isografts ( grafts between identical twins)
Allografts ( grafts between 2 humans)
Xenografts (grafts from animal to human)
7 autoimmune disorders
Type 1 diabetes (body attacks beta cells in pancreas)
Rheumatoid arthritis (immune system attacks body tissues)
Lupus (immune system attacks any part of your body)
Glomerulonephrtis ( disease of glomerular of kidney)
Graves disease(overproduction of thyroid hormones)
Multiple sclerosis (immune systems eats protective covering of nerves)
Myasthenia Gravis (weakness of skeletal muscles)
Allergic reaction when you come in contact with something.
Allergen that directly enters in the blood.
Runny nose, watery eyes (pollen)
Acute type 1 hypersensitivities
Anaphylactic shock
Anaphylaxis
Respiratory Zone
Conducting Zone
Adventist of trachea
Gas exchange via alveolar sacs
Air from the environment
Outer layer made up of c rings
Alveolar walls contain….. To keep lungs inflated
Normal breathing
Air left in lungs after you breathe out
Surfactant
Tidal volume
Residual volume
Tool used to evaluate respiratory volumes & functions
Carbon dioxide diffuses in RBC and combines with h2o making?
Hyperventilation & hypoventilation can cause…….
Spirometer
Carbonic acid
Fast breathing (respiratory alkalosis) Slow breathing (respiratory acidosis)
Controls pacesetting in the medulla, takes signal to the ……….
Controls normal breathing between inspiration & expiration
Receives a signal & involves forced inspiration & expiration
Dorsal respiratory group
Routine respiratory group
Ventral respiratory group
Low blood O2 levels
Group of lung diseases making it difficult to breathe. CO2 retention.
Hypoxemia
COPD
Kidney disorder that may be caused by diabetes, kidney stones, or stds.
Blockage of ureters
Measures RBC & concentrates urine. Name 2 cells it contains.
Pyelonephritis
Hydronephrosis
Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Granular cells
Macula dense cells( respond to Na concentrations)
Responds to changes in pressure in renal BV ( high BP)
Changes in renal blood makeup (hyperglycemia)
APART OF RENAL AUTOREGULATION*
Myogenic
Negative feedback
Glucouria
3 mechanism that control GFR
High con. Of glucose in urine due to diabetes
Renal AUTOREGULATION
Neural controls
Hormonal mechanism
Secrete HCL & intrinsic factor.
Secrete pepsin (help breakdown proteins)
Secrete acid mucus
Secrete histamine,gastric, endorphins,serotonin,cck.
How is inactive pepsin activated?
Parietal cells
Chief cells
Mucus neck cells
G-cells (enteroendocrine cells)
By HCL in parietal cells
3 divisions of small intestine?
Hepatic portal vein
SMALL INTESTINES HAVE VILLI*
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Takes nutrients to liver for processing
What does the gallbladder store?
Where is bile produced?
What is bile?
Bile
Liver
Alkaline fluid that helps in digestion
Stimulate the liver to release bile & pancreas to produce pancreatic juices (enzymes)
Acidic fatty chyme causes the duodenum to release these 2 hormones…
Which organ produces acini cells to produce digestive enzymes?
CCK & secretin
Pancreas
CCK releases pancreatic juices…
Name 3 enzymes help in digestion
Amalayse (breakdown starches)
Lipase (breakdown fats)
Trypsin ( breakdown proteins)
Where does lipids,carbs & proteins are digested?
Small intestine (lipids)
Proteins (stomach)
Mouth (carbs)
Enzyme used in the stomach to breakdown proteins
Celiac disease
Pepsin
Autoimmune disorder that can damage the villi & micrvilli in the small intestine
