Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio 211 > Finals > Flashcards

Finals Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Anemia

Aplastic Anemia

Hemorrhagic Anemia

Congenital hemolytic Anemia

A

Not enough RBC to transport O2 throughout body

Destruction/inhibition of RBC due to toxins, radiation

Acute/chronic loss of blood

Ruptured RBC due to genetic defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Iron defiency anemia

Pernicious anemia

Thalassemias

Sickle cell anemia

A

Not enough iron intake/ absorption

Lack of vitamin b12 due to intrinsic factor(can’t absorb b12 in stomach)

Absent/faulty glob in chain in Hb

Defective gene coding for abnormal Hb.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

4 types of diabetes

A

Diabetes type 1(autoimmune disorder) immune system attacks the beta cells in pancreas

Diabetes type 2- overeat and your body cannot accommodate the amount of insulin it needs to regulate sugar cycles. Or insulin does not work

Diabetes insipidus- ADH does not work and you put out a huge output of urine

Gestational diabetes- develops during pregnancy, body cannot make enough insulin for mom & baby. ( Goes away after pregnancy but can develop into type 2 diabetes.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Hematopoiesis

Erytropesis

Erythropoietin

A

Blood cell formation

Production of RBC

hormone released by kidneys, increases RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Polycythemia

Leukopoiesis

A

Too many RBC increase stickiness of blood, puts Statin on heart.

WBC synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Neutrophils

Eosinophils

Basophils

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

Macrophagesr

A

Fight disease

Fight parasitic worms, increase in allergic reactions & malaria

Produce histamine, acts as a vasodilator, heparin anticoagulant

T cells= made in thymus
B cells= made in bone marrow

Differentiate in macrophages, form in bone marrow & spleen

Actively phagocytic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Type AB blood can receive??

Type B blood can receive??

Type A blood can receive??

Type O blood can receive??

A

Type A,B,AB, O (universal recipient)

Type B, O

Type A, O

Type O only… (Universal donor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Right side pumps….

Left side pumps….

Arteries

Return blood to the heart

A

Deoxygenated blood to lungs

Oxygenated blood to the body

Take blood away from the body

Superior/inferior vena cava
2 rt., 2 lt., pulmonary veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 negative feedback mechanism?

A 
Humoral stimuli( ions & nutients)
Neural stimuli (epinephrine)
Hormonal stimuli (hormone release another hormone)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone stimulates…..

Leutinizing hormone stimulates…..

A

Egg or sperm production

Promotes production of hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testerone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

A type of corticosteroid to increase blood sugar levels. Released by anterior pituitary.

Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults results in….

Calcitonin enhances calcium deposits in bones( takes excess Ca and store it in bones),which endocrine gland is this made in?

A

Glucocorticoids

Acromegaly

Thyroid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Formation of glucose from lipids

3 groups that are made from the adrenal gland

A

Glucogenesis

Glucocorticoid(cortisol)
Mineralcorticoids(aldosterone)
Gonadcorticods(androgens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Which hormone is secreted when sodium and water is TOO LOW and potassium levels are too high?

3 stages of stress response.

Which gland secretes melatonin?

A

Aldosterone

Alarm, stage of resistance, stage of exhaustion

Pineal gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Breakdown glycogen to glucose

Make glucose from lactic acid and non carbohydrate

Converts glycogen into glucose in the liver

A

Glucogenolysis

Glucogenesis

Glucagon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Functions of blood

What are RBC filled with?

Name the 3 polycythemia:

  • uncontrolled RBC synthesis
  • high EPO levels
  • inject own blood, EPO injections
A

Distribute, regulate, protect

Hemoglobin, help with O2 transport

Polycythemia Vera
Secondary polycythemia
Blood doping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Leukocytosis

A

High WBC count

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Carry impulses toward heart apex and ventricular walls.

Amount of blood pumped by heart each ventricle in one minute.

Hyperkalemia/ Hypokalemia

A

Purkinje fibers

Cardiac output

Cardiac arrest/ irregular heart beat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Connects 2 atria preventing blood flow to lungs (fetus)

Connects pulmonary trunk to aorta vessel. (Fetus)

A

Foramen ovale

Ductus arteriosus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Capillaries that are most abundant in skin, muscles, lungs and nervous system.

Capillaries that are found wherever active capillary absorption or filtrate formation occurs… (Small intestines, endocrine glands, kidneys)

Leaky capillaries found in liver and bone marrow

A

Continuous capillaries

Fenestranged capillaries

Sinusoid capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Formation of new BV

Cancer cells secrete chemicals to form blood vessels

MAP ( Mean Atrial Pressure)

A

Angiogenesis

Tumor angiogenesis

Pressure that takes blood to the tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Hormone that lowers BP

A

ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Temporary low BP, and dizziness when suddenly rising from a sitting or reclining position.

Poor nutrition & a warning sign for Addisons Disease.

Circulatory shock, blood not moving

A

Orthodontic hypotension

Chronic hypotension

Acute hypotension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Disorders include excessive renin secretions, arteriosclerosis, and endocrine disorders

Factors based on diet, obesity, age,race, hereditary,stress,smoking

A

Secondary hypertension

Primary hypertension

24
Q

BV are not filled and cannot circulate blood.

Large scale blood loss

Poor circulation

Heart too weak to pump blood

A

Circulatory shock

Hypovolemic shock

Vascular shock

Cardiogenic shock

25
Q

Merging blood vessel(more common in veins)

Alternate pathways for blood to reach specific regions. (Occurs when there are blockages)

Blood is transported from an artery directly in a vein

A

Anastomoses

Arterial anastomoses

Arteriovenous anastomoses

26
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are more permeable than blood vessel capillaries..

Lymph vessels that are intestine area (intestinal mucosa)

Name 2 ducts lymph is drained into?

A

True

Lacteals

Right lymphatic duct(drains rt. upper arm, rt. side of head & thorax)
Thoracic duct ( arises cisterns chyli, drains rest of the body)
27
Q

Lymph does not have a pumping system,meow does it move through lymph vessels?

Manage immune system, attack and destroy foreign cells.

Antibodies immobilize antigens

A

Pulsations (from arteries)
Contractions ( smooth muscles)

T-cells

B-cells

28
Q

Phagocytize foreign substances, help activate t-cells.

Similar function of macrophages, spiny looking.

Produce a stoma that supports other cell types in lymphoid organ.

A

Macrophages

Dendritic cells

Reticular cells

29
Q

Scattered reticular tissue in every body organ.

Composed of dendritic & b-cells.

2 functions of lymph nodes

A

Diffuse lymphatic tissue

Germinal center

Filtration (macrophages destroy microorganism & debris)
Immune system activation ( monitor antigens, mount & attack them)

30
Q

Contains follicles heavy with dividing b-cells.

Houses T-cells in transit

A

Cortex

Deep cortex

31
Q

3 other Lymphoid organs

A

Spleens, thymus, tonsils

32
Q

Peyers Patches

Protects digestive/respiratory system from foreign matter.

Cancer that contains abnormal b-cells, effects ages (15-40yo)

All cancers of lymph systems, genetic origin. (60 years older)

A

Destroy bacteria, keep them from breaching intestine walls. (Also in appendix)

MALT

Hodgkins disease

Non-hodgkins

33
Q

Removes RBC and store them,stores iron, platelets. Site for fetal RBC productions.

Red pulp of…….

A

Spleen

Disposing of worn out RBC & blood borne pathogens

34
Q

Spleen contains…..

Secretes hormones thymosin & thymopoietin, cause t-cells to activate the immune system.

Name 4 tonsils

A

Many RBC, macrophages, & lymphocytes

Thymus

Palestine tonsils
Lingual tonsils
Pharyngeal tonsils
Tubal tonsils

35
Q

Name 2 intrinsic defense systems

Natural killer cells are apart of innate defense system, they contain this protein….

Redness, heat, swelling, & pain indicates what??

A

Innate (1st line of defense)
Adaptive(humoral(b-cells) cellular (t-cells)

MHC (major histo compatibility)

Acute inflammation

36
Q

Antimicrobial proteins produces proteins that stop a microorganism to reproduce. Name the protein.

Macrophage & NK kills what type of cell?

A

Infereon ( produce antiviral protein to stop reproduction.

Cancer cells

37
Q

** 5 CLASSES OF ANTIBODIES***

Attached to B cells

Skin, trachea, tonsils

Most abundant

Saliva, sweat, mucus

1st to be released

A

IgD

IgE

IgG

IgA

IgM

38
Q

TYPES OF ANTIBODY MECHANISM*

Bond several antigens causing clumping.

Antigens are collected so macrophages can attack.

Antigens bind to & block specific sites on bacteria.

Lysis bacteria cell membrane.

A

Aggulation

Precipitation

Neutralization

Complement system

39
Q

Display all body cells and are recognized by cytotoxic cells.. What is the role?

Regulate t-cells

Evolve from b or T cells to respond to 2nd infections quicker.

Only cell that can directly kill other cells

A

Class 1 MHC proteins… Signal cytotoxic cells to kill antigen living inside cell…..

Suppressor T cells

Memory T cells

Cytotoxic T cells

40
Q

Name the 4 different types of skin grafts

A

Autografts ( grafts is taken from another part of an individual body.

Isografts ( grafts between identical twins)

Allografts ( grafts between 2 humans)

Xenografts (grafts from animal to human)

41
Q

7 autoimmune disorders

A

Type 1 diabetes (body attacks beta cells in pancreas)
Rheumatoid arthritis (immune system attacks body tissues)
Lupus (immune system attacks any part of your body)
Glomerulonephrtis ( disease of glomerular of kidney)
Graves disease(overproduction of thyroid hormones)
Multiple sclerosis (immune systems eats protective covering of nerves)
Myasthenia Gravis (weakness of skeletal muscles)

42
Q

Allergic reaction when you come in contact with something.

Allergen that directly enters in the blood.

Runny nose, watery eyes (pollen)

A

Acute type 1 hypersensitivities

Anaphylactic shock

Anaphylaxis

43
Q

Respiratory Zone

Conducting Zone

Adventist of trachea

A

Gas exchange via alveolar sacs

Air from the environment

Outer layer made up of c rings

44
Q

Alveolar walls contain….. To keep lungs inflated

Normal breathing

Air left in lungs after you breathe out

A

Surfactant

Tidal volume

Residual volume

45
Q

Tool used to evaluate respiratory volumes & functions

Carbon dioxide diffuses in RBC and combines with h2o making?

Hyperventilation & hypoventilation can cause…….

A

Spirometer

Carbonic acid

Fast breathing (respiratory alkalosis)
Slow breathing (respiratory acidosis)
46
Q

Controls pacesetting in the medulla, takes signal to the ……….

Controls normal breathing between inspiration & expiration

Receives a signal & involves forced inspiration & expiration

A

Dorsal respiratory group

Routine respiratory group

Ventral respiratory group

47
Q

Low blood O2 levels

Group of lung diseases making it difficult to breathe. CO2 retention.

A

Hypoxemia

COPD

48
Q

Kidney disorder that may be caused by diabetes, kidney stones, or stds.

Blockage of ureters

Measures RBC & concentrates urine. Name 2 cells it contains.

A

Pyelonephritis

Hydronephrosis

Juxtaglomerular apparatus
Granular cells
Macula dense cells( respond to Na concentrations)

49
Q

Responds to changes in pressure in renal BV ( high BP)

Changes in renal blood makeup (hyperglycemia)

APART OF RENAL AUTOREGULATION*

A

Myogenic

Negative feedback

50
Q

Glucouria

3 mechanism that control GFR

A

High con. Of glucose in urine due to diabetes

Renal AUTOREGULATION
Neural controls
Hormonal mechanism

51
Q

Secrete HCL & intrinsic factor.

Secrete pepsin (help breakdown proteins)

Secrete acid mucus

Secrete histamine,gastric, endorphins,serotonin,cck.

How is inactive pepsin activated?

A

Parietal cells

Chief cells

Mucus neck cells

G-cells (enteroendocrine cells)

By HCL in parietal cells

52
Q

3 divisions of small intestine?

Hepatic portal vein

SMALL INTESTINES HAVE VILLI*

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

Takes nutrients to liver for processing

53
Q

What does the gallbladder store?

Where is bile produced?

What is bile?

A

Bile

Liver

Alkaline fluid that helps in digestion

54
Q

Stimulate the liver to release bile & pancreas to produce pancreatic juices (enzymes)

Acidic fatty chyme causes the duodenum to release these 2 hormones…

Which organ produces acini cells to produce digestive enzymes?

A

CCK & secretin

Pancreas

55
Q

CCK releases pancreatic juices…

Name 3 enzymes help in digestion

A

Amalayse (breakdown starches)
Lipase (breakdown fats)
Trypsin ( breakdown proteins)

56
Q

Where does lipids,carbs & proteins are digested?

A

Small intestine (lipids)
Proteins (stomach)
Mouth (carbs)

57
Q

Enzyme used in the stomach to breakdown proteins

Celiac disease

A

Pepsin

Autoimmune disorder that can damage the villi & micrvilli in the small intestine

Bio 211 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions