28:Reproduction Flashcards
What two hormones do the Gonatropin releasing hormone (GnRH) secrete when puberty starts?
Where is the sperm produced in the male?
What does the prostate do?
- follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
- Lutenizing hormone (LH)
Seminiferous tubules(testes) lie within the scrotum
Milky fluid that contains enzymes, and prostate specific antigen (PSA)
Develops sperm
Name 2 issues of the prostate?
benign prostatic hyperplasia- Noncancerous enlargement of the prostate, occurs in older men.
Tx= removal/ reduction of prostate
Prostate cancer- no symptoms, older men.
Dx= Measure PSA levels or biopsy( best diagnosis tool)
Primary sex organs (gonads) in males & females?
What are the sex sells both males and females produce?
When and males and females reproductive system functional?
Testes (male)
Ovaries (females)
Gametes
Puberty
Functions of penial urethra? What are the 3 regions?
Functions of the penis?
Pass urine and semen.
Prostatic
Membranous
Spongy or penile
Deliver sperm to female reproductive tract
What is spermogenesis?
Sperm development that starts in seminiferous tubule of testes
Bulbourethral Glands aka Cowpers Glands
Seminal fluid aka semen
What is in semen?
Produces pre-cum, neutralizes traces of acidic urine in urethra. Also neutralizes acidity of vagina.
Mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions
Nutrients, activates sperm, & helps sperm move.
Prostaglandins
What is a penis?
Corpus Spongiosum
Corpora Cavernosa
An organ that helps deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract. Spongy urethra.
Surrounds urethra, forms erect penis
Back end of urethra
What are some accessory glands of the penis? (3)
Seminal vesicles- secrete whitish yellowish alkaline fluid. Fructose= nourishes sperm. prostaglandins= dilate uterus so sperm can get in.
Prostate gland-milky fluid, contains enzymes and prostate specific antigen (activates sperm).
Bulbourethral gland (Cowpers gland)- precum, neutralizes acidic urine in urethra
Spermatogonia (stem cells)
Diploid cells. Undergo mitosis to form spermatocytes
What are the steps to produce sperm?
Spermatogonia divides by mitosis, forming spermatocytes.
Meiosis forms spermatids from spermatocytes.
Spermiogeneis- spermatids forms sperm. (Sperm has tails)
How is testosterone made?
Name some secondary sex characteristics testosterone influences?
From cholesterol
Deeper voice, hair production (pubic area, facial hair, under arms,)
What is ovaries?
What does each ovary hold?
Where does a fertilized egg stick?
Produces ova (eggs) secrete sex hormones progesterone and estrogen
Immature egg called an oocyte
Funds of uterus
Ovarian cancer (No early screening test)
Dx, Sx, Tx
Sx- low back pain,pelvic pain, pain while urination, irregular periods
Dx- blood test, biopsy, ultrasound
Tx- surgery, radiation, chemo
Fallopian tubes receive? Aka oviducts
The uterus is composed of what 3 layers?
Ovulated oocyte and provide a site for fertilization
Perimetrium- outer layer
Myometrium-middle layer
Endometrium- inner layer, (egg implants here)
Stratum functionalis
Endometriosis
Sheds during menestration. Undergoes cyclic changes due to ovarian hormones
Scarring of tissue lining. 70% of infertility issues.
What are pelvic inflammatory disorder? (PID)
What is a vagina?
Inflammation of uterus, Fallopian tubes, or ovaries. Caused by bacteria (stds)
Passageway for birth, menstrual flow, copulation( sexual intercourse)
Cervical Cancer (no symptoms until later progression)
Most common cancers in women caused by HPV. detected through Pap smears
Dysplastic cells
Cone biopsy
Hysterectomy
Abnormal Cancer cells that show up in a Pap smear.
Cervical cancer cells are present, portion of cervix is removed
Cervical cancer is progressive, removal of entire uterus
Mammillary glands
Glandular alveoli
Compound alveolar glands
Modified swear glands radiate around the opening of the nipple
Produce milk in lactating women
Pass milk to lactiferous ducts (open to outside)
Oogenesis
What happens in fetal period?
Production of female sex cells by meiosis
Oogonia multiply by mitosis and store nutrients
What do prostaglandins do? (3)
Decrease stickiness of cervix
Facilitate movement of sperm
Stimulate reverse peristalsis in uterus
Spermatogenesis and testicular androgen production involve what?
Gonatropins directly stimulate what?
Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, testes
Testes
In late spermatogenesis, spermatids are what type of cells?
Haploid, but non motile
Name the ducts of penis? (5)
- rete testis
- epididymis (tail formation)
- vas deferens (move sperm to pelvic cavity)
- ejaculatory duct (takes to urethra)
- urethra (prostatic / spongy)
Breast cancer
Cancer in breast, can be detected by self examination. Lump in breast
What are oogonia are transformed in?
At puberty one primary oocyte produces two haploid cells. Name them.
Which one stops in metaphase 2 and is ovulated out of the body?
If penetrated by sperm what happens to the secondary oocyte?
Primary oocytes, begin meiosis but stop in prophase 1.
First polar body
Secondary oocyte
Secondary oocyte
Becomes a fertilized egg
When does ovulation occur?
Mittelschmerz
Ovary wall ruptures and expels secondary oocyte
Twinge of pain felt on one side when ovulation occurs
3 ovarian phases
Follicular phase day (1-14) period of follicle growth
Luteal phase (days 14-28) period of corpus luteum
Ovulation phase occurs on 14th day of cycle.
How is corpus luteum form?
To prepare for implantation the corpus luteum secrets what? (3)
Corpus albicans
What happens if implantation occurs?
Ruptured follicle collapses after ovulation
Estrogen, progesterone, & Inhibin
Scar left after pregnancy fails
Corpus luteum produces hormones until placenta takes over app. 3 months
What happens when estrogen levels rise in puberty?
Estrogen promotes what secondary sex characteristics?
What works with estrogen to regulate uterine cycles?
Promote oogenesis and follicle growth in ovaries
Breast develop, widen of hips, increase in HDL, hips widen for childbirth
Progesterone
