28:Reproduction

Question 1

What two hormones do the Gonatropin releasing hormone (GnRH) secrete when puberty starts?

Where is the sperm produced in the male?

What does the prostate do?

Answer 1

• follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
• Lutenizing hormone (LH)

Seminiferous tubules(testes) lie within the scrotum

Milky fluid that contains enzymes, and prostate specific antigen (PSA)
Develops sperm

Question 2

Name 2 issues of the prostate?

Answer 2

benign prostatic hyperplasia- Noncancerous enlargement of the prostate, occurs in older men.
Tx= removal/ reduction of prostate

Prostate cancer- no symptoms, older men.
Dx= Measure PSA levels or biopsy( best diagnosis tool)

Question 3

Primary sex organs (gonads) in males & females?

What are the sex sells both males and females produce?

When and males and females reproductive system functional?

Answer 3

Testes (male)
Ovaries (females)

Gametes

Puberty

Question 4

Functions of penial urethra? What are the 3 regions?

Functions of the penis?

Answer 4

Pass urine and semen.

Prostatic
Membranous
Spongy or penile

Deliver sperm to female reproductive tract

Question 5

What is spermogenesis?

Answer 5

Sperm development that starts in seminiferous tubule of testes

Question 6

Bulbourethral Glands aka Cowpers Glands

Seminal fluid aka semen

What is in semen?

Answer 6

Produces pre-cum, neutralizes traces of acidic urine in urethra. Also neutralizes acidity of vagina.

Mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions
Nutrients, activates sperm, & helps sperm move.

Prostaglandins

Question 7

What is a penis?

Corpus Spongiosum
Corpora Cavernosa

Answer 7

An organ that helps deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract. Spongy urethra.

Surrounds urethra, forms erect penis
Back end of urethra

Question 8

What are some accessory glands of the penis? (3)

Answer 8

Seminal vesicles- secrete whitish yellowish alkaline fluid. Fructose= nourishes sperm. prostaglandins= dilate uterus so sperm can get in.

Prostate gland-milky fluid, contains enzymes and prostate specific antigen (activates sperm).

Bulbourethral gland (Cowpers gland)- precum, neutralizes acidic urine in urethra

Question 9

Spermatogonia (stem cells)

Answer 9

Diploid cells. Undergo mitosis to form spermatocytes

Question 10

What are the steps to produce sperm?

Answer 10

Spermatogonia divides by mitosis, forming spermatocytes.

Meiosis forms spermatids from spermatocytes.

Spermiogeneis- spermatids forms sperm. (Sperm has tails)

Question 11

How is testosterone made?

Name some secondary sex characteristics testosterone influences?

Answer 11

From cholesterol

Deeper voice, hair production (pubic area, facial hair, under arms,)

Question 12

What is ovaries?

What does each ovary hold?

Where does a fertilized egg stick?

Answer 12

Produces ova (eggs) secrete sex hormones progesterone and estrogen

Immature egg called an oocyte

Funds of uterus

Question 13

Ovarian cancer (No early screening test)

Dx, Sx, Tx

Answer 13

Sx- low back pain,pelvic pain, pain while urination, irregular periods

Dx- blood test, biopsy, ultrasound

Tx- surgery, radiation, chemo

Question 14

Fallopian tubes receive? Aka oviducts

The uterus is composed of what 3 layers?

Answer 14

Ovulated oocyte and provide a site for fertilization

Perimetrium- outer layer
Myometrium-middle layer
Endometrium- inner layer, (egg implants here)

Question 15

Stratum functionalis

Endometriosis

Answer 15

Sheds during menestration. Undergoes cyclic changes due to ovarian hormones

Scarring of tissue lining. 70% of infertility issues.

Question 16

What are pelvic inflammatory disorder? (PID)

What is a vagina?

Answer 16

Inflammation of uterus, Fallopian tubes, or ovaries. Caused by bacteria (stds)

Passageway for birth, menstrual flow, copulation( sexual intercourse)

Question 17

Cervical Cancer (no symptoms until later progression)

Answer 17

Most common cancers in women caused by HPV. detected through Pap smears

Question 18

Dysplastic cells

Cone biopsy

Hysterectomy

Answer 18

Abnormal Cancer cells that show up in a Pap smear.

Cervical cancer cells are present, portion of cervix is removed

Cervical cancer is progressive, removal of entire uterus

Question 19

Mammillary glands

Glandular alveoli

Compound alveolar glands

Answer 19

Modified swear glands radiate around the opening of the nipple

Produce milk in lactating women

Pass milk to lactiferous ducts (open to outside)

Question 20

Oogenesis

What happens in fetal period?

Answer 20

Production of female sex cells by meiosis

Oogonia multiply by mitosis and store nutrients

Question 21

What do prostaglandins do? (3)

Answer 21

Decrease stickiness of cervix

Facilitate movement of sperm

Stimulate reverse peristalsis in uterus

Question 22

Spermatogenesis and testicular androgen production involve what?

Gonatropins directly stimulate what?

Answer 22

Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, testes

Testes

Question 23

In late spermatogenesis, spermatids are what type of cells?

Answer 23

Haploid, but non motile

Question 24

Name the ducts of penis? (5)

Answer 24

• rete testis
• epididymis (tail formation)
• vas deferens (move sperm to pelvic cavity)
• ejaculatory duct (takes to urethra)
• urethra (prostatic / spongy)

Question 25

Breast cancer

Answer 25

Cancer in breast, can be detected by self examination. Lump in breast

Question 26

What are oogonia are transformed in?

At puberty one primary oocyte produces two haploid cells. Name them.

Which one stops in metaphase 2 and is ovulated out of the body?

If penetrated by sperm what happens to the secondary oocyte?

Answer 26

Primary oocytes, begin meiosis but stop in prophase 1.

First polar body
Secondary oocyte

Secondary oocyte

Becomes a fertilized egg

Question 27

When does ovulation occur?

Mittelschmerz

Answer 27

Ovary wall ruptures and expels secondary oocyte

Twinge of pain felt on one side when ovulation occurs

Question 28

3 ovarian phases

Answer 28

Follicular phase day (1-14) period of follicle growth

Luteal phase (days 14-28) period of corpus luteum

Ovulation phase occurs on 14th day of cycle.

Question 29

How is corpus luteum form?

To prepare for implantation the corpus luteum secrets what? (3)

Corpus albicans

What happens if implantation occurs?

Answer 29

Ruptured follicle collapses after ovulation

Estrogen, progesterone, & Inhibin

Scar left after pregnancy fails

Corpus luteum produces hormones until placenta takes over app. 3 months

Question 30

What happens when estrogen levels rise in puberty?

Estrogen promotes what secondary sex characteristics?

What works with estrogen to regulate uterine cycles?

Answer 30

Promote oogenesis and follicle growth in ovaries

Breast develop, widen of hips, increase in HDL, hips widen for childbirth

Progesterone