27: Nutrition & Metabolism Flashcards
Name 3 fats…
Saturated fats (BAD) keep cholesterol in body. (Come from animals)
Unsaturated fats (GOOD) excrete cholesterol out of body (plants)
Trans fats (BAD) high in LDL, processed foods
What happens in low carbs diets? What generates?
What happens in high carb diets?
Use fats and proteins for energy.
Ketoacids are generated.
Excess carbs are stored in our body resulting in weight gain.
Jaundice, joint pain, hair loss is an indication of too much of what vitamin in the body?
Too much of Vitamin D can cause what.
Vitamin A
Ca+ deposit is in kidneys cause kidney stones
What are minerals?
Name the 7.
Name 7 functions.
Inorganic elements that cannot be made by the body.
Iron, magnesium, potassium, sodium, Calcium, iodine,zinc.
- enzyme regulators & cofactors (Mg)
- Neurotransmittors (Na & k+)
- O2 transport (Fe)
- Bone structure (Ca+)
- produce thyroid hormone (iodine)
- protein synthesis & wound healing (zinc)
Hydrolysis.
Catabolize
What is metabolism? Anabolism? Canabolism?
Breakdown a molecule with h2o
Breakdown smaller components
Chemical/physical processes in the body are used to make energy.
Make a larger component w/ 2 smaller ones.
Break down a larger component into smaller particles.
What are carbs? What are they used in?
Name 2 simple sugars?
Name a complex carb? 2 examples?
What can they be broken down into?
What cannot be broken down in humans?
Sugars
Simple sugars; used in cellular respiration, provide energy to make ATP.
Monosaccharides- glucose
Dissacarides- sucrose
Polysaccarides (startches & glycogen)
Monosaccrides….
Cellulose
(Slows absorption & stimulates peristalsis)
Name 3 factors lower HDL factors?
HDL & LDL levels should be?
Stress, smoking, coffee
HDL= above 60 LDL= below 90, not above 120
Essential amino acids cannot be made by who?
How much protein do we need in our body?
RBC’s and nerve cells use what for energy? What can’t they use?
Humans
4oz, all other protein gets excreted from the body
Glucose for energy, they can’t use fats.
What is the structure of cholesterol? (3)
What is it apart of, what’s its role?
Cholesterol is transported on lipoprotein complexes (type of cholesterol). Name the 4.
Bile salts, steroid hormones, Vitamin D
(Hox Genes/ Hedgehog signaling genes)
-directs embryonic development tells genes what cells it becomes
1) triglycerides 2) phospholipids 3) cholesterol (steroids) 4)proteins
Name 6 categories nutrients are divided into?
Carbs Lipids Vitamins Water Proteins Minerals
Liver makes ________..
2 functions of fats.
Proteins are composed of ________.
What do complete and incomplete proteins contain?
Cholesterol
Acts as a cushion/ shock absorber for organs
Amino acids
All amino acids
Lack amino acids
What is a lipoprotein?
Name a type of lipoprotein?
Name 3 lipoproteins that are made within the liver?
Transport lipids, contain lipids and protein wraps
Chylomicrons= absorbs lipids from the small intestine
Very low density lipoproteins- takes triglycerides to adipose tissue
Low density lipoproteins- takes fat to BV walls
High density lipoproteins- takes cholesterol to liver to be made into bile and is excreted out of the body
Name the 4 processes of nutrition?
Ingestion- food is taken in mouth
Digestion- food is broken down into smaller molecules
Absorption- molecules move from digestive to circulatory system
Assimilation- absorbed molecules goes into the organism
LIVER IS THE STAR OF METABOLIC ROLE*
Hepatocytes?
What do they metabolize? (4)
What does is store?
Processes nutrients
Alcohol, drugs, bilirubin, hormones
Vitamins & Minerals
What drug prevents the formation of HMG-CoA?
Equation for cholesterol.
Statin drugs ( Lipitor) prevent cholesterol formation
Acetyl CoA + HMG- CoA (enzyme)= cholesterol
Leptin.
Basal Metabolic Rate
What does it measure?
Name the 2 methods BMR can be measured?
Hormone that controls hunger and is released by adipose tissue. The smaller a person the higher their lepton count is.
The measure of energy at rest it takes to maintain. Breathing, heart rate, digestion, body temp.
Calorimeter- heat given off in a water chamber
Respirometer- measured amount of oxygen over a period of time
Name 2 psychological disorders?
bulimia- binge eating and throwing up the food, or overuse of laxatives or diuretics
Anorexia- severe restriction of food, because they have a fear or see themselves as overweight
Kwashiorkor
Starvation
The breakdown of fatty and amino acids generates what?
Protein deficiency
Little or non carbohydrates in body. The body uses fats and proteins.
Keto acids
What are vitamins?
How is Vit. D made in our bodies?
Name 2 types of Vitamins?
Which vitamin is stored in out body? Which vitamin act as an antioxidant?
Organic molecules that help enzymes work properly.
UV lights hit cholesterol
Fat soluble (A, D, E, K) and water soluble vitamins (B, C)
A,D,E.
A, C, E.
What do phospholipids make up?
What is cholesterol?
What are triglycerides?
LIPIDS ARE AN EXCELLENT SOURCE OF ENERGY**
Cell membrane
Steroid
Are true fats
What happens during starvation?
What are B & C vitamins absorbed with?
What are A,D,E & K vitamins absorbed with?
Amino acids are converted to sugars
Water
Fats
What are liver lobules?
Functional units of liver
