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(Finals) Flashcards

1
Q

Reported the results of his irradiation of drosophila, the fruit fly

A

HJ Muller (1927)

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2
Q

HJ Muller (1927) Conclusions

A
  1. Dose response: linear, non-threshold
  2. Radn dose does NTO alter quality of mutations but rather INCREASES FREQUENCY of these mutations
  3. Single-hit phenomenon
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3
Q

Began to irradiated a large mouse colon with diff radn dose rates

A

Russel (1946)

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4
Q

Russel (1946) used this dose rate

A

0.01-900 mGy/ min with a total dose of 10Gy

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5
Q

Russel (1946) Conclusions

A
  1. A dose rate does exist
  2. The mouse gas the capacity to repair genetic material
  3. Dose response: Linear, non-threshold
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6
Q

Radiation-induced — are usually harmful

A

mutations

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7
Q

Any dose of radiation, however small, to a/n — results in some genetic risk.

A

germ cell

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8
Q

The frequency of radiation-induced mutations is (1) to dose, so that a linear (2) of data obtained at high doses provides a valid estimate of (3) effects.

A
  1. directly proportional
  2. extrapolation
  3. low-dose
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9
Q

The effect depends on radiation (1) and (2)

A
  1. protraction
  2. fractionation
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10
Q

For most (1) life, the woman is (2) sensitive than the man to the genetic effects of radiation

A
  1. pre-reproductive
  2. less
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11
Q

Most radiation-induced mutations are (1).
These require that the (2) must be present in both the male and the female to produce the trait. Consequently, such mutations may not be expressed for many generations

A
  1. recessive
  2. mutant genes
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12
Q

The frequency of radiation-induced genetic mutations is extremely (1). It is approximately (2) mutations/ Gyt/ gene

A
  1. low
  2. 10(^-5)
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13
Q

Genetic effect is a/n — response

A

all or nothing

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14
Q

Ave gonadal foven to members of the population who are of childbearing age

A

Genetically significant dose (GSD)

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15
Q

Gonad dose that, if received by every member of the population, would produce the total genetic effect on the population as the sum of the individual dose actually received

A

Genetically significant dose (GSD)

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16
Q

GSD is the gonad dose that, if received by every member of the population, would produce the (1) on the population as the sum of the (2)

A
  1. total genetic effect
  2. individual dose actually received
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17
Q

Annual GSD

A

100mrad/ yr (in US)

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18
Q

GSD Formula

A

∑D(Nx)P / ∑D(Nt)P

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19
Q

Low dose, chronic irradiation does not impair fertility

A

Embryo and fetal effects

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20
Q

Radiation Pregnancy

Concern before pregnancy

A

interrupted fertility

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21
Q

Radiation Pregnancy

Concern during pregnancy

A

Possible Congenital effects in newborn

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22
Q

Radiation Pregnancy

Concern post-pregnancy

A

Suspected genetic effects

23
Q

Radiation Pregnancy

Effects on fertility

A

It Does occur and is dose-related

24
Q

Some cases present that irradiation causes —

A

down-syndrome

25
Irradiation in Utero Concerns 2 Types of exposures
1. Radiation worker 2. Patient
26
Irradiation in Utero All observations point to the (1) as the most radiosensitive period The (2) of pregnancy may be of at least concern because the response is all or nothing
1. 1st trimester during pregnancy 2. first 2weeks
27
Relative risk of a childhood leukemia after irradiation in utero
1.5
28
Relative risk of a childhood leukemia after irradiation in Utero during the 1st tri
8.3
29
Relative risk of a childhood leaukemmia after irradiation in Utero during 2nd tri
1.5
30
Relative risk of a childhood leaukemmia after irradiation in Utero during 3rd tri
1.4
31
Effects after 10rad in utero
- Spontaneous abortion - Congenital abnormalities - Malignant (?) Diseases -Impaired growth and development - Genetic mutation
32
Probability that the effect will happen naturally (ex. habits)
Natural occurence
33
Probability that the effect was produced by radiation
Radiation response
34
Effect after 10 rad in utero Least concern
Spontaneous abortion
35
Rationale: All or nothing effect
Spontaneous abortion
36
Spontaneous abortion time of expo
0-2 wks
37
Spontaneous abortion Natural occurence and radn response
NO: 25% RR: 0.1%
38
Congenital abnormalities Time of expo
10wks
39
Congenital abnormalities Natural occurence and radn response
NO: 5% RR: 1%
40
Malignant diseases Time of expo
0-9 onths(?)
41
Malignant diseases Natural occurence and radiation response
NO: 8/ 10,000 RR: 12/ 10,000
42
Impaired growth and development Time of expo
0-9 months
43
Impaired growth and development Natural occurence and radiation response
NO: 1% RR: nil (non-existent)
44
Genetic mutation Time of expo
0-9 mins
45
Genetic mutation Natural occurence and radn response
NO: 10% RR: nil (non-existent)
46
Happens spontaneously without a known cause
Natural spontaneous mutations
47
Permanent and heritable
Natural spontaneous mutations
48
Condition in which the blood does not clot properly. It can lead to excessive bleeding and hemorrhages
Hemophilia
49
An inherited disorder that causes nerve cells to break down and die, leading to movement, cognitive, and behavioral problems.
Huntington's chorea
50
Genetic condition caused when an unusual cell division results in an extra full or partial copy of chromosome 21
Down syndrome/ mongolism/ trisomy 21
51
A genetic condition characterized by weakness and wasting (atrophy) of the muscles of the pelvic area followed by the involvement of the shoulder muscles
Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
52
An inherited blood disorder that causes the body to make abnormal hemoglobin
Sickle cell anemia
53
An inherited disease in which the body makes very thick, sticky mucus causing problems in the lungs, pancreas, and other organ
Cystic fibrosis
54
Abnormal buildup of CSF deep within the brain
Hydrocephalus

221 (8 decks)

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