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Biochemistry > Finals > Flashcards

Finals Flashcards

1
Q

It is an org anic compound found in living organisms that is insoluble (or only sparingly soluble) in water but soluble in nonpolar organic solvents.

A

lipid

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2
Q

When a biochemical material (human, animal, or plant tissue) is homogenized in a blender and mixed with a nonpolar organic solvent, the substances that dissolve in the solvent are the?

A

lipids

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3
Q

________ are formed by repeated units of fatty acids.

A

Lipids

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4
Q

Lipids

• One class of large biological molecules that do not form _________.

• The unifying feature of lipids is having little or no ________ for water

Lipids are ________ because they consist mostly of hydrocarbons, which form ______________.

A

polymers

affinity

hydrophobic

nonpolar covalent bonds

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5
Q

The most biologically important lipids are _______, _______ and _______

A

fats
phospholipids
steroids

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6
Q

Lipids include the following:

• Fatty acids

Triglycerides-fat in the body, butter, oil

Sphingolipids-enriched in the CNS, (tissue development, cell recognition and adhesion, and act as receptors for toxins) membrane lipids

Phosphoacylglycerols-major components of cell membranes. They also provide stability for the cell and help form tissues.

Glycolipids-have a communicative role (act as markers for cell recognition.)

Prostaglandins-hormone-like actions, primarily at sites of tissue damage or infection.

Leukotrienes-lipid mediators that play pivotal roles in acute and chronic inflammation and allergic diseases.

Thromboxanes-a substance produced by platelets, lead to occlusion of blood vessels by fueling blood clots inside the vascular system.

A

Notes

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7
Q

Five categories of lipids based on function?

A

• Energy-storage lipids (triacylglycerols)

• Membrane lipids (phospholipids, sphingoglycolipids, and cholesterol)

• Emulsification lipids (bile acids)

• Messenger lipids (steroid hormones and eicosanoids)

• Protective-coating lipids (biological waxes)!

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8
Q

Lipids show structural diversity that that include esters, amides, alcohols

• Some are acyclic, cyclic, and some are polycyclic.

A

notes

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9
Q

• Base on saponification

• The __________ lipid cannot be broken down into smaller molecules through hydrolysis ie cholesterol, prostaglandins, etc

A

Nonsaponifiable Lipids

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10
Q

The _________ lipid can be hydrolyzed in the presence of a base, acid, or enzymes ie. Wax, fats, oils, phospholipids, etc.

A

Saponifiable Lipids

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11
Q

Base on polarity

_________ can be utilized as a source of fuel or energy ie triglycerides

A

Nonpolar lipids

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12
Q

It can form block as in membranes ie sphingolipids and glycerophospholipids.

A

Polar lipids

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13
Q

Saponification is

_______ + _______ = _______

A

Acid (oil)

base (lye)

salt (soap)

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14
Q

General properties of lipids

Completely or sparingly insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol, chloroform, acetone, and benzene

Melting temperature is around 27 “C. The melting temperature Increases as the length of the hydrocarbon in the fatty acid chain increases.

Lipids with unsaturated fatty acids are viscous liquids at room temperature le oils.

Lipids may be either liquids or non-crystalline solids at room temperature.

Fats and oils are colorless, odorless, and tasteless.

Lipids are energy rich organic molecules

A

Notes

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15
Q

A ________ is a naturally occurring monocarboxylic acid.

A

Fatty acids

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16
Q

________ nearly always contain an even number of carbon atoms and have a carbon chain that is unbranched.

A

Fatty acids

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17
Q

________ are rarely found free in nature but rather occur as part of the structure of more complex lipid molecules.

A

Fatty acids

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18
Q

A _________ acid is a fatty acid with a carbon chain in which all carbon-carbon bonds are single bonds.

A

saturated fatty acid

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19
Q

_________ acid contains one or more carbon-carbon double bonds. As the name suggests, unsaturated fatty acids contain fewer hydrogen atoms bonded to each carbon in the molecule.

A

Unsaturated fatty acid

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20
Q

_________ is a fatty acid with a carbon chain in which one carbon-carbon double bond is present.

A

Monounsaturated fatty acid

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21
Q

A __________ is a fatty acid with a carbon chain in which two or more carbon-carbon double bonds are present

A

polyunsaturated fatty acid

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22
Q

biological molecules that are insoluble in aqueous solu tions and soluble in organic solvents

A

Lipids

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23
Q

Biologically-relevant lipids

A

Fatty acids

• Triglycerides (Fats)

Omega fatty acid derivatives

• Phospholipids

• Bioactive lipid derivatives

• Sphingolipids

Ceramides

Cholesterol

Bile Acids

• Eicosanoids

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24
Q

________ are long-chain hydrocarbon molecules containing a carboxylic acid moiety at one end.

A

Fatty acids

25
Q

• a fatty acid with a single site of unsaturation, oleic acid, an omega-9 MUFA, is the most physiologically significant MUFA

A

Monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA)

26
Q

any fatty acid with multiple sites of unsaturation; omega-3 and omega-6 PUFA are the most significant clinically

A

Polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)

27
Q

• They represent the storage form of fatty acids.

A

Triglycerides (Triacylglycerols)

28
Q

In this form, the large amount of energy produced from the oxidation of fatty acids is readily available to the cell.

A

Triglycerides (Triacylglycerols)

29
Q

• Largest reservoir of triglycerides.

A

ADIPOSE TISSUE

30
Q

how triglycerides are generated?

A

ESTERIFICATION OF FATTY ACIDS

31
Q

• __________ constitute major components of biological membranes.

A

Phospholipids

32
Q

It is from the esterification of various polar substituents to the phosphate of phosphatidic acid.

A

DIFFERENT FORMS OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS

33
Q

__________ are composed of a backbone of sphingosine, which is derived from glycerol.

A

Sphingolipids

34
Q

• It is an abundant sphingolipid generated by transfer of the phosphocholine moiety of phosphatidylcholine to a ceramide.

A

Sphingomyelin

35
Q

It is generated by substitution of carbohydrates to the sn1 carbon of the sphingosine backbone of a ceramide.

A

Glycosphingolipids

36
Q

Sphingolipids

FOUR MAJOR CLASSES OF GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS

A

Cerebrosides
Sulfatides
Globosides
Gangliosides

37
Q

_________ : SIMPLEST; contain a single moiety, principally galactose.

A

Cerebrosides

38
Q

__________ : sulfuric acid esters of galactocerebro- sides.

A

Sulfatides

39
Q

_________ : GLUCOSE AND GALACTOSE + CERAMIDE; contain 2 or more sugars.

A

Globosides

40
Q

_________: similar to globosides, except also contain sialic acid

A

Gangliosides

41
Q

• Bi-regulator of membrane fluidity.

Too rigid: break apart

• Too Fluid: cannot maintain the shape of the cell

A

Cholesterol

42
Q

________ - cholesterol intercalates between the phospholipids and prevents them from clumping together and stiffening.

A

Low temperatures

43
Q

________ - cholesterol stabilizes the membrane and raises its melting point.

A

High temperatures

44
Q

Cholesterol

FUNCTION:

  1. Precursor of bile acids
  2. Precursor of steroidal hormones

_________ - regulate sexual reproduction

_________ - regulate reabsorption of Na+, Cl-, and HCO3- in the kidneys.

_________ - regulates gluconeogenesis and immune response

A

Estradiol and Progesterone

Aldosterone

Cortisone

45
Q

Major component of bile, digestive fluid secreted by the gall bladder into the digestive tract.

A

Bile Acids

46
Q

the end products of hepatic bile acid synthesis and includes cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid.

A

PRIMARY BILE ACIDS

47
Q

products of the actions of intestinal bacteria on the primary bile acids generating deoxycholate (from cholate) and lithocholate (from chenodeoxycholate)

A

SECONDARY BILE ACIDS

48
Q

complex of variable protein and lipid composition responsible for transport of fats throughout the body.

A

Lipoproteins

49
Q

• lipid-binding proteins of lipoprotein complexes

A

APOLIPOPROTEIN

50
Q

*Lipoproteins

• Also known as Ultra Low-Density Lipoproteins

• Transports dietary triglycerides and cholesterol from the intestines to other parts of the body.

A

Chylomicrons (ULDL)

51
Q

• Transports triglycerides from the liver to the peripheral tissues.

A

Very Low-Density Lipoprotein (VLDL)

52
Q

*Lipoproteins

• Also known as bad cholesterol.

Transports cholesterol from the liver to the peripheral tissues.

A

Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL)

53
Q

• Also known as good cholesterol.

• Transports cholesterol from the peripheral tissues back to the liver for metabolism.

A

High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL)

54
Q

• Characterized by high levels of cholesterol in the blood.

• Untreated high cholesterol raises the risk of heart disease and cardiovascular problems.

Treatment:

Statins (Atorvastatin, Simvastatin, Rosuvastatin)

• Nicotinic acid

Fibrates (Fenofibrate, Gemfibrozil)

A

Hypercholesterolemia

55
Q

Primary Hypercholesterolemia (Genetic)

Familial hypercholesterolemia - It is a disorder passed down through families. It causes LDL level to be very high. The condition begins at birth and can cause heart attacks at an early age.

Secondary Hypercholesterolemia (Acquired)
caused by unhealthy lifestyle factors and acquired medical conditions, including underlying diseases
It is .

A

Hypercholesterolemia

56
Q

Characterized by the presence of high amounts of triglycerides in the blood.

• Risk factor for:

Atherosclerosis

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

Treatment:

• Fibrates (Fenofibrate, Bezafibrate, Gemfibrozil)

• Ezetimibe

• Niacin

Omega-3 fatty acids

A

Hypertriglyceridemia

57
Q

Fatty Liver Disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD)

It is a liver problem that affects people who drink little to no alcohol. It is most often seen in people who are overweight or obese.

Too much fat builds up in the liver causing it to swell and become damaged.

Alcohol-related liver disease (ALD)

It is a liver problem wherein steatosis occurs because of excessive alcohol consumption.

Steatosis-excess fat in the liver.

A

Fatty Liver Disease

58
Q

Cholesterol Gallstones

It is the most common type of gallstone.

It appears yellow in color and composed mainly of undissolved cholesterol.

Among the causes include the bile containing more cholesterol than it can dissolve.

A

Cholesterol Gallstones

Biochemistry (6 decks)

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