finals

Question 1

Recognition of somatic hazards, simple means to cope with

Answer 1

Pioneer Era (1895–1905)

Question 2

Major concern towards applications of X-rays and Radium, great gains in technical and biological knowledge.

Answer 2

Dormant Era (1905–1925)

Question 3

Development of radiation protection as a science in its own.

Answer 3

Era of progress (1925–1950)

Question 4

Excellent ICRP publications ‘1’ and 2. Sound basis for practical work in radiation protection.

Answer 4

Era of good science (1950–1970)

Question 5

Beginning of international intercomparison and quality assurance programs in dosimetry

Answer 5

Era of struggle with quantities (1970–1990)

Question 6

Vast developments in dosimetry techniques and numerical dosimetry, but also in paperwork and legislation. Market concentration on few key companies.

Answer 6

Era of regulations, standardization and commerce (1990 to today).

Question 7

➢ Early period of mainly medical use of X-rays and radium gamma rays.
➢ No radiation protection systems existed.
➢ Severe radiation damage occurred mainly on radiologists.
➢ First well-known radiation effect was the skin erythema.
➢ First recommendations on protection measures, therefore, concerned the prevention of skin erythema.
➢ In 1924, Mutscheller recommended a ‘limit’ of 0.01 skin erythema dose (SED) per month(2). In 1925, Sievert proposed 0.1 SED per year.
➢ Lindell assumed 1 SED would correspond to ∼6 Sv

Answer 7

PIONEER AND DORMANT ERA (1895–1925)

Question 8

• the first International Congress of Radiology took place in London.
  ➢The radiologists established at this congress the ‘International XRay Unit Committee’, later on called ‘International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements’ (ICRU)
  ➢‘International X-Ray and Radium Protection Committee’, later on called ‘International Commission on Radiological Protection’ (ICRP) was established in 1928 in Stockholm.

Answer 8

ERA OF PROGRESS (1925–1950)

Question 9

➢ Interesting Recommendations:
“The International Unit of Quantity of X-radiation shall be called the “roentgen” and shall be designated by the symbol “r”’.
“The practical instrument used to measure x-ray quantity shall be called a dose-meter, and shall be calibrated in roentgens.”
“Tolerance Dose of 0.2 r per day’ was recommended.”
➢ These recommendations marked the beginning of individual monitoring.

Answer 9

ERA OF PROGRESS (1925–1950)

Question 10

New quantities were introduced:
Absorbed dose (unit: rad for radiation absorbed dose)
(1 Gy = 100 rad)
Dose equivalent (unit: rem for roentgen equivalent in man)
(1 Sv = 100 rem)

Answer 10

ERA OF PROGRESS (1925–1950)

Question 11

• ICRU publication 19 introduced new quantities: Absorbed
  dose index
  Dose equivalent index
  ➢Led immediately to intense discussions.
  ➢End of the concept of the critical organ and the introduction of organ and tissue weighting factors

Answer 11

ERA OF STRUGGLE WITH QUANTITIES (1970–1990)

Question 12

ERA OF REGULATIONS, STANDARDIZATION AND COMMERCE (1990 TO TODAY)

Answer 12

➢Priorities of topics shifted from quantities to harmonization, then to internal dosimetry, later to regulations and finally to quality assurance.

Question 13

➢Provides information that leads to identification of undesirable practices and of unexpected sources of high exposure.
➢Permits prompt application of controls to limit exposure
➢Provides information regarding exposure of the individual, permitting a comparison with long-term limits
➢Guides long term controls required to reduce exposure

Answer 13

Purpose of measuring occupational exposure.

Question 14

Monitoring Requirements

Answer 14

➢ Deep Dose Equivalent (DDE)
➢ Shallow Dose Equivalent (SDE)
➢ Eye Dose Equivalent (EDE)
➢ Total Effective Dose Equivalent