finals Flashcards
biodiversity
approx. 1.7-2 million species are named and discovered
100 million estimated total species
the majority are yet to be discovered
taxonomy
hierarchical system of classifying and naming organisms
- includes extant and extinct species
- ascending series of groups of increasing inclusiveness
aristotle
greek philosopher and biologist
carolus linneaus (systema naturae)
swedish botanist, used morphology for arranging specimens in collections
the 3 domains
eukarya, bacteria, archaea
the 6 kingdoms
eubacteria, archaebacteria, fungi, protista, animalia, plantae
the correct order
DKPCOFGS
domain-kingdom-phylum-class-order-family-genus-species
binomial nomenclature
combination of 2 names to create a scientific name
genus + species
italicized or underlined
follows the rules established by Int’l Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN)
full name of J. Rizal
Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realonda
how many did rizal donated
semt 45 reptiles, 9 mammals, 13 birds, 9 fishes, and 68 crustaceans apart from his 346 species shell collection
species named after J. Rizal
Rhacophorus rizali, Apogonia rizali, Draco rizali
refers to balanced proportions or correspondence in size and shape of parts on opposite sides of a median plane
animal symmetry
plane passing thru the center that divides body into equivalent or mirrored halves
spherical
plane divides body into similar halves by more than 2 planes
radial
sagittal plane divides body into 2 mirrored portions
bilateral
medial
vertical, longitudinal plane passing from head to tail
sagittal
vertical, longitudinal plane thru the body parallel to the median plane
frontal / coronal
horizontal, longitudinal plane thru the body
transverse/ cross section
cuts across the body at right angles to the sagittal and horizontal planes
dorsal
back / upper side
ventral
front / belly side
anterior
head end
posterior
opposite / tail end
medial
midline of the body
lateral
sides
proximal
parts nearer to the center of the body
distal
parts farther from middle of body
pectoral
chest area associated w/ anterior pair of appendages
pelvic
hip region associated w/ posterior pair of appendages
the external covering of an animal
- protects the animal from mechanical and chemical injury and invsaion by microorganism.
- helps maintain body temperature
integument
largest organ w respect to surface area of the vertebrate body
skin
composed of epithelial tissue
epidermis
- composed of connective tissue
- contains blood vessel, nerve endings, sensory receptors, small muscles, and glands
dermis
consists of loose connective tissue, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscles
hypodermis
a cell that manufactures and stores keratin
keratinocyte
a protein that gives hairs, nails, and skin the hardness and water-resistant properties
keratin
embedded in the base of the epidermis, the stratum basale, spider-shaped cells that produce melanin
melanocyte
pigment that gives hair and skin its color
melanin
helps protect the living cells of the epidermis from UV radiation damage
melanocyte
produce watery secretions known as sweat
sweat or sudoriferous glands
sweat is composed of
salt, water, and other compounds
produce oily secretions known as sebum
sebaceous (oil) glands
keeps the keratin-rich epidermis flexible and waterproof
sebum
specialized cells in epidermal layer that contains pigment
chromatophores
langerhan cells
macrophages
premature aging of skin caused by repeated exposure to UV radiation
photoaging/ dermatoheliosis
natural sunscreen ingredient
zinc oxide
SPF means
Sun Protection Factor
SPF 15
SPF 30
SPF 50
93%
97%
98%
helps to regulate body temperature and homeostasis
sudoriferous glands
watery fluid involved in heat regulation and occur in hairless regions in most mammals
eccrine glands
milky fluid that dry on skinn to form a film and open into a hair follicle or where hair once was
apocrine glands
- functions to lubricate and protect
- keeps hair pliable and glossy
sebaceous glands
protective covering of the distal dorsal are of digits (fingers & toes)
nail
grow from ephitelial cells at the base of nail
nail root
a fold of skin that hides the nail root
cuticle
results from the thick layer of cells in this area of the nail
lunula (the half moon in the nail)
begins at bulb in dermis and continue thru the epidermis
hair follicle
composed of keratin filled cells
hair follicle
brown or dark color is due to
eumelanin
blond or red hair is due to
melanin containing iron and sulfur (pheomelanin)
gray hair is due to
less production of melanin
white hair is due to
air trapped in hair shaft and absence of melanin
develop from feather follicles, which are invagination of the epidermis that dip into the underlying dermis
feather
large and thick epidermal scale, plate-like
scute
junction between epidermal scales
hinge
