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FINALS Flashcards

1
Q

rad. study of the biliary system (Liver, gallbladder and biliary ducts)

A

CHOLEGRAPHY

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2
Q

Procedures included in cholegraphy

A
  • Cholecystography
  • Cholangiography
  • Cholecystangiography/ Cholecystocholangiography
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3
Q

Routes in cholegraphy

A
  • Mouth
  • Injection to vein
  • Direct injection to ducts
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4
Q

Indications of cholegraphy

A
  • FX of the liver
  • Patency & condition of the biliary ducts
  • Concentrating and emptying power of the gallbladder
  • R/O calculi or stones formed in the biliary tract
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5
Q

Different types of body habitus

A
  • Hypersthenic
  • Sthenic
  • Hyposthenic
  • Asthenic
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6
Q

rad. examination of the gallbladder through the oral admin of contrast media

A

ORAL CHOLECYSTOGRAM

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7
Q

Contraindications of cholecystogram

A
  • Vomiting or diarrhea
  • Pyloric obstruction
  • Malabsorption syndrome
  • Severe jaundice
  • Liver dysfunction
  • Hepatocellular disease
  • Hypersensitivity to iodinated contrast media
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8
Q

When should laxatives be given to a patient having OCG

A

24 hrs before injestion/injection of CM

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9
Q

What kind of meal should be given to a patient having OCG

A

fat free meal

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10
Q

On a OCG procedure, CM is given in a _____ dose approx. _______ hrs after _______ meal on the _______ before exam

A

single, 2-3, evening, night

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11
Q

The usual single dose form given to patients who will have an OCG

A

3 g in form of 4-12 tablets

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12
Q

Clinical indications of OCG

A

Biliary calculi
CHolecystitis
Neoplasms
Biliary stenosis

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13
Q

stones in biliary ducts

A

Choledocholithiasis

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14
Q

– abnormal calcifications in gallbladder

A

Cholelithiasis

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15
Q

Procedures in OCG

A

A. Recumbent PA Proj. (Scout
B. Upright PA Proj
C. PA Oblique (LAO)
D. R. Lat.
E. AP Proj (R. Lat Decub)

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16
Q

Answer the following:
Recumbent Pa Projection (scout)
IP
BP
MSP
RP
CR
RESP
SS

A

A. Recumbent PA Proj. (Scout)
IR: 10x12 LW
BP: Prone Position
MSP: R. side of abdomen centered on midline of grid/table
RP: Last rib
CR: Perpendicular to RP
RESP: Suspended expiration
SS: Somewhat opacified gallbladder

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17
Q

Answer the following:
Upright PA Proj
IP
BP
MSP
RP
CR
RESP
SS

A

IR: 8x10 LW
BP: Upright Position, anterior side of body resting against IR
MSP: R. side of the abdomen centered on midline of grid/table
RP: 2-4 inches below last rib
CR: Horizontally directed to RP
RESP: Suspended expiration
SS: Axial representation of the opacified gallbladder

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18
Q

Answer the following:
PA OBLIQUE (LAO)
IP
BP
MSP
RP
CR
RESP
SS

A

IR: 8x10 LW
BP: Recumbent position
MSP: With px in the prone posi, elevate R side to the desired degree of obliquity (15° - 40°).
RP: At the level of the last rib
CR: Perpendicular to RP
RESP: Suspended expiration
SS: Shows opacified gallbladder free from self-superimposition

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19
Q

Answer the following:
R LAT
IP
BP
MSP
RP
CR
RESP
SS

A

IR: 8x10 LW
BP: Recumbent position
MSP: Px lies on the R side
RP: level of the last rib
CR: Perpendicular to RP
RESP: Suspended expiration
SS: Differentiate gallstones from renal stones and separate superimposition of gallbladder and the vertebrae in exceptionally thin px

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20
Q

Answer the following:
AP PROJECTION (R. LAT DECUBITUS)
IP
BP
MSP
RP
CR
RESP
SS

A

IR: 8x10 or 10x12 LW
BP: Lat. recum. position
MSP: Place px on the R side w/ body elevated 2 to 3 Inches
RP: Level of the last rib
CR: Horizontally directed to RP
RESP: Suspended expiration
SS: Demo stones that are heavier than bile and that are too small to be visible

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21
Q

Procedure where its indications include:
- Investigate biliary ducts of cholecystectomized pxs
- Investigate biliary ducts & gallbladder of non-cholecystectomized pxs when these structures are not visualized by OCG
- Severe vomiting & diarrhea

A

Intravenous cholangiography

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22
Q

Contraindications of intravenous cholangiography

A
  • Px who have liver disease
  • Non-intact biliary ducts
  • Obstructive jaundice
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23
Q

Employed for pre-op rad exam of biliary tract

A

PERCUATENOUS TRANSHEPATIC CHOLANGIOGRAPHY (PTC)

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24
Q

what kind of needle is used in PTC

A

CHIBA “SKINNY” NEEDLE

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25
Q
  • performed during surgery to
    Demo anatomy of the biliary ductal system, drainage into the duodenum, and any residual stones in the biliary ducts.
  • may be performed before or following surgical removal of the gallbladder.
A

OPERATIVE CHOLANGIOGRAPHY

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26
Q

Biliary tract examination that is performed by way of the T shaped tube left in the common bile duct

A

POST-OPERATIVE CHOLANGIOGRAPHY

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27
Q

Another name for post-operative cholangiography

A

DELAYED/T-TUBE CHOLANGIOGRAPHY

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28
Q

Indications for post-op cholangiography

A
  • Demo caliber & patency of ducts
  • Status of sphincter of HPA
  • Presence of residual/previously undetected stones
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29
Q

diagnose biliary and pancreatic pathologic conditions

A

ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY (ERCP)

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30
Q

What is sprayed on the patients throat during ERCP

A

local anesthesia

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31
Q

How long should the patient be not allowed to drink/eat on ercp

A

1 hr before exam

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32
Q

cm used depends on gastroentero/radiologists

A

ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY (ERCP)

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33
Q

rad demo of nasopharynx ff. the instillation of contrast media

A

NASOPHARYNGOGRAPHY

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34
Q

Indications of nasopharyngography

A
  • Carcinoma
  • Lymphosarcoma & angiofibroma
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35
Q

malignant neoplastic disorders of lymphoid tissue

A

Lymphosarcoma

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36
Q

small, reddish brown or even flesh-colored,
smooth, shiny papules present over the sides of the nose and medial portions of the cheeks.

A

Angiofibroma

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37
Q

WAYS TO STUDY NASOPHARYNX

A

+/- CM

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38
Q

How is +CM introduced during nasopharyngography

A

continuous breathing technique & modified valsalva maneuver

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39
Q

How is -CM introduced during nasopharyngography

A

introduced through nostril

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40
Q

What is the premed for nasopharyngography and when is it given?

A

ATROPINE – given 30 minutes before exam

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41
Q

What is the rationale behind the use of atropine during nasopharyngography?

A

suppress nasopharyngeal and buccal secretions

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42
Q

Cm used in nasopharyngography

A

Dianosil Aqueous (8-10ml)

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43
Q

Topical anesthetic used in nasopharyngography

A

Lignocaine 4%

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44
Q

Positioning for nasopharyngography

A

SMV PROJECTION

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45
Q

Answer the following:
SMV Projection (nasopharyngography)
BP
PP
OML
RP
CR

A

BP: Supine
PP: Shoulder elevated to extend neck
OML: 40-45° to the horizontal plane
RP: Midway between mandibular angles
CR: 15-20° cephalad

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46
Q

Post procedural care for nasopharyngography

A

Upon completion, let px sit up and blow the nose (For evacuation of CM)

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47
Q

rad exam of pharynx using either barium mixture/air

A

PHARYNGYOGRAPHY

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48
Q

Clinical indications of pharyngography

A
  • demo tumor
  • demo abscess
  • demo presence of foreign body
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49
Q

WAYS TO STUDY PHARYNX

A
  • Continuous quiet breathing & valsalva method
  • Use of paste barium mixture (4:1)
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50
Q

Answer the following
AP PROJECTION (PHARYNX)
BP
PP
MSP
RP
CR

A

BP: Recumbent supine/erect
PP: Chin up (prevent mandibular shadow from obscuring the contrast filled pharynx)
MSP: Centered on the film
RP: Laryngeal prominence (Adam’s Apple)
CR: Horizontally directed or perpendicular

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51
Q

Answer the following
LAT PROJECTION (PHARYNX)
BP
IPL
MSP
RP
CR
FFD

A

BP: Lat posi Erect/Recumbent
PP: Extend chin to clear space bet. mandible & cervical spine
IPL: ┴ IR
MSP: // to IR
RP: Laryngeal prominence (Adam’s Apple)
CR: Horizontally directed or perpendicular
FFD: 72” (Erect position)

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52
Q
  • synchronizing the exposure with the height of the swallowing act in deglutition studies
A

Gunson’s method

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53
Q

consists of tying a dark-colored shoestring (metal tips removed) snugly around the patient’s throat above the thyroid cartilage.

A

Gunson’s method

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54
Q

rad exam of larynx

A

Laryngography

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55
Q

Clinical indications of laryngography

A
  • demo paresis
  • demo edema/fibrosis
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56
Q

(weakening of a muscle or group of muscles)

A

paresis

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57
Q

Most useful view to visualize the larynx is soft tissue

A

LATERAL VIEW

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58
Q

Procedure for laryngography
px prep
premed
cm

A
  • PX PREP: NPO 5 hours
  • PremED: Atropine 30 minutes before exam
  • CM: Dianosil 10-15ml
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59
Q

During AP Projection, what can you see on a laryngography procedure

A

Larynx is filled w/ air and trachea is overlying the cervical spine of the median plane of the body

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60
Q

During Lateral Projection, what can you see on a laryngography procedure

A

voice box is filled and free of bony superimposition

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61
Q

exam of lower respiratory tract; gives excellent demo of bronchial tree

A

BRONCHOGRAPHY

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62
Q

These indications are for what procedure?
- Bronchiectasis
- Other obstructions of lower bronchial tree
- Recurrent hemoptysis

A

Bronchography

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63
Q

Contraindications for bronchography

A
  • Impairment of pulmonary fx
  • Recent pneumonia
  • Active tuberculosis
  • Known allergies
64
Q

What are the 2 contrast used in bronchography?

A

omnipaque and dianosil

65
Q

Contrast media that is
- Low osmolaric water based contrast medium
- Rapidly absorbed from bronchi and causes less irritation to mucosal lining than other CM

A

Omnipaque

66
Q

Contrast media that is
- Oil-based compounds
- Viscosity and inability to mix with bronchial secretions sometimes prohibit good coverage
- Residual oily CM can sometimes cause fever

A

Dianosil

67
Q

Prelim film for bronchography

A

Chest PA

68
Q

Positioning for bronchography

A

AP, oblique and lateral projections. Sometimes Trendelenburg

69
Q

How is CM expelled out after a bronchography exam?

A
  • After exam, CM is expelled out by asking px to cough
70
Q

Post procedure care for bronchography

A

Bronchospasm and impaired respiratory function should be checked by observation up to 4 hours post-examination.

71
Q

– rad exam of ventricle

A

Ventriculography

72
Q

type of cm used in ventriculography

A

negative CM

73
Q

What kind of frame is used in ventriculography

A

stereotactic frame

74
Q

rad exam of spinal cord by using CM injected into the intrathecal space

A

myelography

75
Q

These indications are for
- Herniated nucleus pulposus
Lesion that may be present w/in spinal canal or may protrude into the canal
- Cancerous or benign tumors
- Cysts
- Possible bone fragments

A

Myelography

76
Q

Contraindications for myelography

A
  • Blood in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  • Arachnoiditis
  • Increased intracranial pressure
  • Recent lumbar puncture
77
Q

Contrast media used in myelography

A

Omnipaque and Isovist

78
Q

Measurement of omnipaque for myelography

A

9-15 ml

79
Q

During myelography, Injectable sedative or muscle relaxant usually is administered _______hour before the examination.

A

one

80
Q

Method of needle placement for myelography

A
  1. Lumbar Puncture (l3-l4)
  2. CISTERNAL PUNCTURE (C1-C2)
81
Q

Position for lumbar puncture

A

left lat position

82
Q

Position for cisternal puncture

A

Px may be seated in an erect/prone, with head flexed to open interspinous spine

83
Q

What are the POSITIONING: CERVICAL REGION during myelography?

A
  • Horizontal beam lat
  • Swimmers lat horizontal beam
84
Q

What are the POSITIONING THORACIC REGION during myelography?

A
  • R. Lat Decub. – AP/PA Projection w/ horizontal beam
  • L. Lat Decub – AP/PA Projection w/ horizontal beam
  • R/L Lateral – vertical beam
85
Q

What are the positioning for lumbar region during myelography?

A

Semierect Lat – horizontal beam

86
Q

rad exam of individual intervertebral disks

A

discography

87
Q

another term for discography

A

nucleography

88
Q

indications for nucleography?

A
  • Investigate internal disk lesions
  • px only given local anesthetic to remain fully conscious
89
Q

contrast media for nucleography?

A
  • performed with a small quantity of one of the water-soluble, iodinated media injected into the center of the disk by way of a double-needle entry.
90
Q

rad exam of fallopian tubes & uterus

A

HYSTEROSALPINOGRAPHY

91
Q

A procedure that can both be diagnostic & therapeutic

A

Hysterosalpinography

92
Q

indications of hysterosalpinography

A
  • study infertility
  • Abnormal gynecological conditions
93
Q

These contraindications are for what procedure?
- Pelvic inflammation
- Vaginal/cervical infection accompanied by purulent discharge
- Immediate premenstrual/ postmenstrual phase
- Active uterine bleeding
- Pregnancy

A

Hysterosalpinography

94
Q

Contrast media used in hysterosalpinography?

A

-Ethiodol
- Hypaque
- Lipiodol
- Sinografin
- Renografin

95
Q

For a hysterosalpingography procedure, when should the exam take place/be scheduled?

A

The exam should be scheduled between the 4th and 10th day following the onset of menstruation

96
Q

What position should a scout film for hysterosalpingography be in?

A

AP

97
Q

What are the projections for Hysterosalpingography?

A

AP, PA, oblique and lateral

98
Q

What is the reference point for hysterosalpingography?

A

2 inches above symphysis pubis for frontal projections

99
Q

rad exam of female pelvic organs by intraperitoneal gas

A

Pelvic pneumography

100
Q

another term for pelvic pneumography

A

gynecograpy/ pangynecography;

101
Q

CM into vaginal canal

A

VAGINOGRAPHY

102
Q

indications for a vaginography?

A
  • Congenital malformations
  • Vesicovaginal fistulas
  • Enterovaginal fistulas
103
Q

They indicated that the use of a thin barium sulfate mixture for investigation of fistulous communications w/ intestine

A

Lambie, Rubie, Dann

104
Q

rad exam of the prostate gland

A

prostatography

105
Q

PROSTATOGRAPHY: AP PROJECTION
IR
BP
PP
RP
CR

A

IR: 8x10 LW
BP: Prone
PP: MSP aligned to center of the table
RP: 2” superior to SP
CR: Directed 20-25 degrees cranially

106
Q

– rad exam of seminal ducts

A

EPIDIDYMOVESICULOGRAPHY

107
Q

Another term for epididymovesiculography

A

vesiculography & epididymography

108
Q

The following are the indications for what?
- Investigation of selected abnormalities such as:
 Cysts
 Abscesses
 Tumors
 Inflammation
 Sterility

A

Epididymovesiculography

109
Q

CM used in epididymovesiculography

A
  • Water soluble, iodinated
    CM
  • Gaseous CM – for improvement of contrast in the exam of extrapelvic structures
110
Q

rad exam of lacrimal system

A

DACRYOCYSTOGRAPHY

111
Q

composed of 2 lacrimal glands & ducts w/c tears pass through nose

A

Lacrimal system

112
Q

small oval shaped gland located at each lat. Side of rood of orbits of the eyes

A

Lacrimal glands

113
Q

minute orifices w/r tears pass from the gland

A

Puncta Lacimalia

114
Q

Indications for dacryocystography

A
  • Defective development
  • Stenosis
  • Chronic Mucosal thickening
  • Obstructive epiphora (watery eyes)
115
Q

CM used in dacryocystography

A
  • 0.5 to 2 mL Lipiodol fluid
  • Oil based, iodinated CM
    (Ethiodized oil)
116
Q

What are the 5 procedures/positioning done in dacryocystography?

A

Water’s method
Caldwell’s method
Lateral projection
Straight AP Projection
Rhese’s Method

117
Q

Answer: DACRYOCYSTOGRAPHY: WATERS M
BP
MSP
OML
RP
CR

A

BP: Prone or seated upright
MSP: Centered to midline of IR
OML: 37° to IR (Nose 3⁄4” away from the IR)
RP: Lower orbital margin
CR: Directed to RP

118
Q

Answer: DACRYOCYSTOGRAPHY: CALDWELLS
BP
MSP
OML
CR

A

BP: Prone or seated upright
MSP: Centered to midline of IR
OML: Perpendicular to IR
CR: 15° caudally at Nasion

119
Q

Answer: DACRYOCYSTOGRAPHY: LAT. PROJ
BP
MSP & IOML
CR
IPL

A

BP: Prone or seated upright
MSP & IOML: // to the IR
CR: 15° caudally at Nasion
IPL: Perpendicular to IR

120
Q

What is the degree of rotation of the head for it to be separated from the shadows of bilaterally opacified ducts in lateral projection

A

10-15 deg

121
Q

Answer: DACRYOCYSTOGRAPHY: STRAIGHT AP PROJECTION
FS
BP
MSP
IOML
RP
CR

A

FS: 8x10 LW
BP: Supine
MSP: centered midline Of table
IOML: perpendicular to table
RP: Nasion
CR: Perpendicular to RP
*Directed at RP 15-23° caudally
FFD: 36-40”

122
Q

ANSWER: DACRYOCYSTOGRAPHY: RHESE METHOD (3 POINT LOWER LANDING)
FS
BP
PP
MSP
AML
RP
CR
FFD

A

FS: 8x10 LW
BP: Prone recumbent
PP: Head resting on nose, chin and cheek
MSP: forms an angle of 53° to the horizontal
AML: perpendicular to table
RP: Centered to the orbit
CR: Perpendicular to RP
FFD: 36-40”

123
Q

rad exam of salivary glands

A

SIALOGRAPHY

124
Q

another term for sialography

A

ptyalography

125
Q

Per day, how many liters of saliva are produced per day?

A

approx. 1-1.5 L/day

126
Q

abnormal connection bet. 2 organs

A

fistula

127
Q

Ways of studying the glands?

A
  • Right after injection
  • Post motor
128
Q

What should be sucked/eaten 2-3 minutes before a sialography?

A

fresh wedge of lemon

129
Q

During a tangential projection of a parotid gland (sialography), where is the head resting?

A

Head is resting on occiput.

130
Q

What projection of sialography has the head resting on the occiput?

A

AP projection

131
Q

Which projection has the head resting on the chin (sialography)

A

PA Projection

132
Q

This projection clears the space between the cervical spine and the mandibular rami

A

Lateral projection of parotid gland

133
Q

During the lateral projection of the parotid gland, what is the MSP?

A

15° toward the IR from a true lateral position

134
Q

Procedure in which the film placement is at the center occlusal w/in the mouth

A

Axial projection intraoral method submandibular and sublingual gland

135
Q

*This is the only projection that gives an unobstructed image of the sublingual gland regions.

A

AXIAL PROJECTION
INTRAORAL METHOD
SUBMANDIBULAR& SUBLINGUAL GLAND

136
Q

rad exam of paranasal sinuses

A

anthrography

137
Q

what are the different sinuses?

A

(frontal, maxillary, ethmoidal, sphenoid)

138
Q

Sinus below sella turcica

A

sphenoid

139
Q

w/in lateral mass of ethmoid bone

A

ethmoid sinus

140
Q

another term for ethmoid sinus

A

labyrinth sinuses

141
Q

largest sinus and is present at birth

A

maxillary sinus

142
Q

another term for maxillary sinuses

A

ANTRUM OF HIGHMORE

143
Q

sinus posterior to glabella, larger in men than in women

A

frontal

144
Q

CM for anthrography

A

LIPIODOL FLUID OF HYPAQUE 85

145
Q

indication for anthrography

A

Chronic Sinusitis

146
Q

What are the positionings for anthrography?

A

Straight ap upright
Water’s method
lateral projection
caldwell’s method

147
Q

this positioning for anthrography demonstrates fluid level

A

STRIAGHT AP UPRIGHT

148
Q

another name for water’s method

A

Mahoney’s Method

149
Q

best positioning for anthrography

A

lateral projection

150
Q
  • Best positioning for frontal & ethmoidal sinuses
A

CALDWELL

151
Q

What is the ff for STRAIGHT AP UPRIGHT ON ANTHROGRAPHY
MSP
RP
CR
SS

A

MSP: Centered to the VCH
RP: Nasion
CR: Directed horizontally
SS: Height of maxillary antrum & air is demonstrated

152
Q

What is the ff for WATERS ON ANTHROGRAPHY
MSP
OML
RP
CR
SS

A

MSP: Centered to the VCH
OML: forms an angle of 37°
RP: Acanthion
CR: Directed horizontally
SS: Filling of the posterior aspect of the maxillary sinus

153
Q

What is the ff for LATERAL PROJECTION ON ANTHROGRAPHY
MSP
IOML
RP
CR
SS

A

MSP: // to film
IOML: Perpendicular to the film
RP: Zygomatic bone or outer canthus of the eye
CR: Directed horizontally
SS: There will be filling of posterior aspect of the maxillary sinus

154
Q

What is the ff for CALDWELL ON ANTHROGRAPHY
MSP
RP
CR

A

MSP: Centered to the midline of the VCH
RP: Nasion
CR: Directed 12-15° caudally

155
Q

Rad exam of synovial joints

A

arthrography

156
Q

CM used in arthrography

A
  • radiolucent –CM
    -radiopaque +CM
  • combination of CM which is the most common
157
Q

positioning for arthrography

A

ap, lat

CONTRAST (3 decks)

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