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CONTRAST > CONTRAST MEDIA/SENSITIVITY TESTING/BARIUM SULFATE > Flashcards

CONTRAST MEDIA/SENSITIVITY TESTING/BARIUM SULFATE Flashcards

1
Q

What is a special procedure?

A

Radiographic exam that uses contrast media

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2
Q

Substances that have a high/low anatomic number. They also fill out hollow organs and make them appear during a rad. exam

A

Contrast Media

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3
Q

2 types of contrast media

A

Positive & negative contrast media

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4
Q

2 types of contrast media

A

Positive & negative contrast media

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5
Q

Difference bet. positive & negative contrast media

A

POSITIVE
- have high anatomic no
-appear white
-radiopaque

NEGATIVE
-have low anatomic number
- appear black
-radiolucent

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6
Q

What are the common substances in Contrast Media?

A

Air & Gases
Heavy Metallic Salts
Inorganic Iodide
Organic Iodide
Iodized Oil (non-absorbable)
Iodized Oil (absorbable)

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7
Q

Describe air & gases

A

examples are C02 and Oxygen and is used in pneumoventriculography

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8
Q

Describe heavy metallic salts

A

example is barium sulfate w/c is used in barium enema, swallow, follow through

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9
Q

Uses sodium iodide & is used in intravenous pyelography

A

Inorganic iodide

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10
Q

Uses iohexol & iodixanol. Is also used in cerebral angio.

A

Organic iodide

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11
Q

Uses liopodol & iodlochrol & usually used in sialography

A

Iodized oil (non-absorbable)

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12
Q

When is iodized oil (absorbable) used and what are the examples

A

Used in bronchography and examples are dionoxil & pantopaque

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13
Q

What are the different forms of contrast media?

A

tablet, solution, powder

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14
Q

What are the good qualities of Contrast Media

A
  • Toxicity
  • Iodine Content
  • Viscosity
  • Persistence
  • Miscibility
  • Type of Ionic Salt
  • Osmolality
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15
Q

What are the 3 routes used in Contrast Media

A

Enteral
Intubation
Parenteral Injection

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16
Q

What are the different types of the enteral route?

A

oral & rectal

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17
Q

What are the different intubation routes?

A

Nasogastric tube & t-tube catheter

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18
Q

What are the different parenteral injections

A

Intra-aterial
Intravenous
Intrathecal

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19
Q

It is the injection that needs percutaneous access to the arteries

A

Intra-anteral injection

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20
Q

Injection to the veins

A

intravenous injection

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21
Q

Injection using a spinal needle into the subarachnoid space

A

Intrathecal injection

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22
Q

What are the rights of contrast media

A

right drug
amount
time
patient
route

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23
Q

Process of introducing 1cc/ml of pure contrast media to patient

A

sensitivity testing

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24
Q

what are the methods of sensitivity testing

A

sclera, sublingual, intradermal & intravenous

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25
Q

Describe the sclera method of sensitivity testing

A

it is introducing 1 drop of sclera to the eye. common side effects include redness, swelling & irritation of the eye

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26
Q

Describe the sublingual method of sensitivity testing

A

1 drop of contrast media to the inferior base of the tongue. Side effects could include swelling, irritation & salivation

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27
Q

Describe the intradermal method of sensitivity testing

A

1 cc injected to patient. Side effects are skin irritation, vomiting & swelling

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28
Q

Describe the intravenous method of sensitivity testing

A

1cc injected to the vein of patient. side effects are nausea, dizziness and vomitting

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29
Q

What are the different reactions to contrast media

A

Side effects
mild reaction
moderate reaction
severe reaction

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30
Q

What are the side effects of contrast media

A

temporary hot flashes
metallic taste in the mouth

31
Q

describe a mild reaction

A

no allergic reaction
doesnt need drug intervention
eg. mild erythema

32
Q

Describe a moderate reaction

A

true allergic reaction
needs drug intervention
eg. brady/tachy, bronchospasm, urticaria

33
Q

describe a severe reaction

A

life-threatening
medical emergency
eg. brady, hypotensions

34
Q

what are the 3 medications used in contrast media

A

allergic reactions
anticonvolusants
antiarrythmics

35
Q

examples of allergy medications

A

diphenhydramine
cortisone acetate
epinephrine
methylprednisolone

36
Q

examples of anticonvolusant medications

A

diazepam, fosphenytoin

37
Q

examples of antiarrhythmic medications

A

amiodarone (pacerone)
lidocaine
quinidine

38
Q

The year in which is it was tested that contrast media can be used to study the GIT

39
Q

What substance was first used in the study of GIT

A

BISMUTH NITRATE

40
Q

Who reported that it was beneficial to study the GIT using contrast

A

Walter Canon

41
Q

What year did the advantages of using barium sulfate as contrast came out

42
Q

Describe barium sulfate

A

BaSO4
64 as atomic number
appears white on radiograph
non-absorbable
causes constipation

43
Q

qualities of barium sulfate

A

relatively cheap
non-absorbable
less irritating
high anatomic number

44
Q

disadvantage of using barium sulfate

A

colloidal suspension or inability to dissolve in water

45
Q

disadvantage of using barium sulfate

A

colloidal suspension or inability to dissolve in water

46
Q

contraindications of barium sulfate

A

suspected perforated viscus
scheduled surgery after exam
large bowel obstruction

47
Q

what is the alternative to barium sulfate

A

water soluble iodinated contrast medium

48
Q

whats the disadvantage of using the alternative of barium sulfate

A

bitter taste
faster transit time in GIT

49
Q

what are the different mixtures of barium sulfate & explain

A

Paste - 3/4 barium 1/4 water
Thick - 1/2 barium 1/2 water
Thin - 1/4 barium 3/4 water
Milk - 2 tbsp of barium mixed in a glass of water

50
Q

What are the different types of barium sulfate contrast study?

A

Single Study
Double Study
Dual study
Filling Phase study
Mucosal Phase Study

51
Q

Whats the difference between single, double and dual studies

A

Single - uses 1 CM
Double - uses 2 CM
Dual - uses 2 CM and is introduced in different manners

52
Q

What’s the difference between filling phase & mucosal phase studies?

A

FILLING - uses small amount of CM to coat the lining membrane of the hollow organ

MUCOSAL - uses the full dose of CM for gen. outline (size, shape, position)

53
Q

What’s another term for scout film

A

Initial Film
Preliminary Film
Survey Film
Plain Film

54
Q

He injected air into the cerebral ventricles of children w/ hydrocephalus

A

Walter Dandy (1918)

55
Q

What are the common radiolucent contrast media?

A

Carbonated beverages
Room air
oxygen
nitrous oxide
Carbon dioxide

56
Q

air can cause what?

57
Q

What are the 2 gas-producing crystals?

A

Calcium carbonated crystal
Magnesium citrate

58
Q

Describe tracheoesophageal fistula

A

it is the abnormal passageway between the trachea & the esophagus

59
Q

explain the esophageal stenosis

A

abnormal narrowing of the esophagus

60
Q

explain esophageal atresia

A

abnormal closure of a part of esophagus

61
Q

explain achalasia

A

esophageal peristalsis is reduced to 2/3 of the esophagus

62
Q

explain foreign bodies

A

ingestion of bolus of food, metallic objects & other

63
Q

explain barett’s esophagus

A

there’s thinning in the esophagus & esophageal peristalsis is reduced to 2/3 of the esophagus

64
Q

explain esophageal carcinoma

A

CA of the esophagus

65
Q

Explain esophageal varices

A

dilation of the veins on the distal esophagus

66
Q

dysphagia

A

difficulty in eating

67
Q

zenker’s diverticulum

A

large out-pouching in the esophagus just above the esophageal sphincter

68
Q

What is GERD?

A

food & other gastric contents are going back to the esophagus due to the weakness of the esophageal sphincter

69
Q

What is tertiary peristalsis

A

rapid peristalsis

70
Q

What is hiatal hernia

A

protusion of the esophagus towards the skin

71
Q

caustic esophagitis

A

irritation of the inner lining of the esophagus due to the ingestion of caustic substances

72
Q

describe cardio-esophageal incompetence

A

insufficient control of the cardiac sphincter resulting in the reflux of food

73
Q

What happens during internal preparation og the patient?

A

Nothing. You don’t need to do a preliminary prep. for esophagography

74
Q

What happens during external preparation?

A

take history
remove clothing & metallic objects
wear gown

CONTRAST (3 decks)

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