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Finals Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

If cholera not promptly treated leads to

A

Dehydration, acidosis, hypokalemia, shock and death

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2
Q

Cholera characterised by

A

Voluminous watery stool, vomiting, hypovolemic shock and acidosis

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3
Q

Mode of transmission of cholera

A

Fecal-oral route

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4
Q

Source of infection of cholera

A

Human (primarily) and marine shellfish

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5
Q

Potent cholera enterotoxin is

A

Choleragen

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6
Q

Cholera is :

  • Pandemic
  • Epidemic
  • Endemic
A

Epidemic

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7
Q

Important risk factor for gastric carcinoma and lymphoma

A

H.pylori ( helicobacter pylori )

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8
Q

Mode of transmission of h.pylori

A

Oral-oral or faecal-oral route

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9
Q

Source and reservoir of H.pylori

A

Human only

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10
Q

The ammonia produced also neutralizes gastric acidity allowing the organism to
survive causing persistent colonization which may lead to

A

Chronic gastritis, gastric atrophy and gastric carcinoma.

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11
Q

Gram -ve bacilli related to intestinal tract

A

Vibrio and helicobacter

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12
Q

Gram -ve bacilli related to respiratory tract

A

Heamophilus
Bordetella and
Legionella

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13
Q

Members of this genus is gram -ve coccobacilli

A

Heamophilus

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14
Q

1- ……. Major pathogen in haemophilus
2-……. Normal flora of the mouth and upper respiratory tract causes pneumonia or endocarditis
3-………. Causes chanroid (soft sore) —-> sexually transmitted disease manifested as an ulcer on the external genitalia

A

1- H.influenza
2- H.parainfluenza
3- H.ducreyi

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15
Q

The most virulent organism in H.influenza?

A

Type b

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16
Q

Mode of transmission of capsulated (typable) H.influenza

A

Droplet infection

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17
Q

Non-capsulated H.influenza causes non-invasive diseases such as

A

Otitis media, sinusitis and bronchitis

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18
Q

Most common cause of meningitis in children (less than 5y)

A

H.influenza type b

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19
Q

H.influenza type b cause invasive infection which are usually bacteraemic such as:

A

Meningitis, pneumonia & empyema (mainly in adult), acute epiglottis ( mainly in children), cellulitis, infective arthritis.

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20
Q

Carboxyphilic ( facultative anaerobic & required 5-10 co2)

A

H.influenza

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21
Q

G.r / H.influenza grows on chocolate agar but not on blood agar

A

Because is Heamophilic, requires both factors x&v

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22
Q

Most important member of the genus Bordetella

A

Bordetella pertussis

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23
Q

The media can be used for isolation of B.pertussis

A

Bordet-Gengou medium

And charcoal-blood agar

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24
Q

Mode of transmission for pertussis

A

Droplet infection

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25
Q

Whooping cough (pertussis) characterised by

A

Paroxysms (attack) of severe, spasmodic cough may be followed by vomiting, cyanosis and convulsions.

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26
Q

Dangerous complications of pertussis

A

Bronchopneumonia and acute encephalopathy

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27
Q

In addition to the endotoxin, B.pertussis produces an exotoxin called…….

A

Pertussis toxin

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28
Q

the most important pathogenic species in the genus Legionella.

A

Legionella pneumophila

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29
Q

The best culture medium for L. pneumophila

A

buffered charcoal yeast extract agar (BCYE agar)

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30
Q

Mode of transmission for legionella&source

A

Mainly environmental water sources, NO person to person transmission.

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31
Q

Diseases caused by L. pneumophila

A

1- Atypical pneumonia (Legionnaires disease j

2- Pontiac fever

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32
Q

Enumerate/ 4 causes of atypical pneumonia :

A

Legionella pneumophila
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Viral pneumonia such as influenza
Q fever

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33
Q

The genus …….. (acid fast bacilli) difficult to stain with ordinary stains

A

Mycobacterium

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34
Q

….. & ……. Are the cause of TB in human

A

M. tuberculosis & M. bovis

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35
Q

G.r / M.tuberculosis can’t be stained by simple stains

A

Due to the high lipid content (mycolic acids) of the cell wall.

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36
Q

Enumerate / high conc. of lipids (mycolic acids) leads to:

A
  • acid fast bacilli
  • resistance to many antibiotics
  • resistance to killing by acidic and alkaline compounds
  • resistance to phagocytosis and interacellular destruction.
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37
Q

Mode of infection of M.tuberculosis

A

-droplet infection

38
Q

Ingestion of milk contaminated with …….. may cause intestinal infection

A

M. bovis

39
Q

The site of initial (primary) infection is the

A

Lung after inhalation of bacilli

40
Q

Drug treatment for latent infection

A

Isoniazid (INH) or Rifampin for 6months to prevent progress of TB infection to TB disease

41
Q

*** first line drugs for treatment of tuberculosis ( ٢ عددي والباقي ممكن MCQs )

A

***Isoniazid (INH), rifampin

Pyrazinamide and ethambutol.

42
Q

*** second line drugs for treatment of tuberculosis ( ٢ عددي والباقي ممكن MCQs )

A

*** ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin

Paraaminosalicylic acid (PAS), ethionamide, amikacin, capreomycin, kanamycin.

43
Q

Mode of transmission of M. leprae

A

Not known but infection requires prolonged and close contact of patients

44
Q

………… is a chronic infectious disease that primarily affects the skin, the peripheral nerves, mucosa of the upper respiratory tract and also the eyes.

A

Leprosy

45
Q

The drugs used in M. leprosy diseases

A

Rifampicin, clofazimine and dapsone

46
Q

Hepatitis can occur in the course of several viral infections:

A

Cytomegalovirus (CMV), yellow fever virus, Epstein-Barr virus & rubella virus.

47
Q

It is the causative agent of infectious (epidemic) hepatitis.

A

HAV

48
Q

Hepatitis viruses manifestations (symptoms)

A

Fever, abdominal pain, anorexia and jaundice

49
Q

It is the causative agent of serum hepatitis.

A

HBV

50
Q

Enumerate/ (4) Population at high risk for HBV infection

A
  • health care workers, i.v. drug users, sexual partners, infants born to HBeAg +ve mom.
  • haemophiliacs, renal dialysis patients, individuals with multiple sexual partners (homo&hetero)
51
Q

Symptoms in HBV tend to be

A

More severe & life threatening

52
Q

A high rate of hepatocellular carcinoma occurs in …. …. Carriers.

A

Chronic HBV

53
Q

??.??????? G.r / Why there is a high rate of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic HBV/HCV
carriers…..?

A

-Because HBV/HCV has no encogene.
-it’s appears to be the result of persistent cellular regeneration that attempts to replace the dead hepatocytes.
- malignant transformation could be the result of insertional
mutagenesis, which could occur when the HBV genome integrates into the
hepatocyte DNA —— activation of a cellular oncogene, leading loss of growth control.

54
Q

The most important laboratory test for detection of early HBV infection.

  • HBsAg
  • HBcAg
  • HBeAg
A

HBsAg

55
Q

It does not appear in the blood, but detectable only in nuclei of liver cells.

HBsAg

  • HBcAg
  • HBeAg
A

HBcAg

56
Q

Appears in the I.P., shortly after appearance of HBsAg & is present in the prodroma and early acute disease & in certain chronic carriers.
HBsAg
-HBcAg
-HBeAg

A

HBeAg

57
Q

presence of …….. indicates high transmissibility.

A

HBeAg

58
Q

There is a period of several weeks when HBsAg disappeared & anti-HBs is not yet detectable and anti-HBc IgM is always positive & is used to make diagnosis.

A

This is the window phase

59
Q

The antigen in the vaccine is…

A

HBsAg

60
Q

Types of vaccine (HBsAg)

A
  • plasma derived vaccine (still used)

- Recombinant vaccine (replaced ^

61
Q

Persons exposed to a needle-stick injury from a patient with HBsAg positive blood. Or Newborns whose mothers are HBsAg positive. Should receive immediately:

A

Hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) & hepatitis B vaccine simultaneously at different sites

62
Q

…… is the most prevalent blood-borne pathogen.

A

HCV

63
Q

Mode of transmission of HCV

A

Mainly parenteral and via needles-stick injury (lower risk than HBV)

64
Q

the most common indication for liver transplantation.

A

Cirrhosis resulting from chronic HCV infection

65
Q

is a defective virus that replicates only in cells also infected by HBV

A

HDV, because is use the surface antigen of HBV (HBsAg) as its envelope.

66
Q

Mode of transmission of HDV

A

( As HBV )Parenteral, sexual and perinatal.

67
Q

Mode of transmission of HEV

A

Faeco-oral route

68
Q

HEV it’s resembles HAV except……

A

It cause mortality rate in pregnant women.

69
Q

It’s The causative agent of acquired immunedeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

A

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

70
Q

Mode of transmission of HIV

A

Parenteral, sexual and perinatal

71
Q

Having HIV, does that mean having AIDS ?

A

No, both terms refer to the same disease, but HIV refers to the virus itself and AIDS refers to late stage of HIV infection.

72
Q

Middle stage of HIV infection is

A

Latent stage (clinical latency)

73
Q

Early stage of HIV infection is

A

Acute stage (acute phase viraemia)

74
Q

Late stage of HIV infection is

A

Clinical disease (AIDS)

75
Q

AIDS-related complex ( ARC) characterized by

A

Persistent fever
Lymphadenopathy
Fatigue,chronic diarrhea,weight loss.

76
Q

Late stage HIV (AIDS), the most characteristic

A

Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia ——– Kaposi’ sarcoma.

77
Q 
(Complete) 
Late stage (AIDS), other characters are *one for each *
-viral infection 
Fungal infection 
Bacterial infection 
Protozoal infection 
Cancers
A 
1CMV 
2 cryptococcal meningitis 
3 M.tuberculosis 
4 toxoplasmosis 
5 Non- Hodjikin lymphoma
78
Q

is the most common neurologic syndrome, it occurs as a late manifestation of AIDS patients

A

AIDS dementia complex

79
Q

AIDS dementia complex characterized by

A

Poor memory, inability to concentrate,apathy, psychomotor retardation and behavioral changes.

80
Q

(Complete) HIV chemotherapy
1-reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitors
2- protease inhibitors
3- Fusion inhibitors

A

1- nucleoside : stavudine (d4T)
Non-nucleoside : nevirapine
2 - lopinavir
3- enfovirtide (fuzeon)

81
Q

(Complete) Measures to reduce transmission of HIV to fetus or newborn

A
  • screening of pregnant mother’s from HIV
  • receive AZT or nevirapine to infected mother during pregnancy
  • neonates should receive the same drugs
  • delivery by cesarean and no breastfeeding.
82
Q

General measures ( from HIV)

A

Controls of blood and blood products, control of drug addiction, education of health workers, counseling HIV-infected persons,  sex education, education of the public, measures to prevent materno-fetal transmission.

83
Q

-for HIV-

Vaccine production is faced with many difficulties of which:

A

Rapid mutation of the virus, absence of an appropriate animal model, unclear understanding of which host immune response are protective.

84
Q

First common cause of common cold

A

Rhinoviruses

85
Q

atypical pneumonia called SARS ( severe acute respiratory distress syndrome) caused by

A

Coronavirus

86
Q

HCoV-229E :
HCoV-NL63 :
HCoV-OC43 :
HCoV-HKU1 :

SARS-CoV :
MERS-CoV :
SARS-CoV2 :

A 
Alpha 
Alpha 
Beta 
Beta 
Beta 
Beta 
Beta
87
Q

Transmission of common human coronaviruses:

A

Droplet infection, close personal contact

88
Q

………… caused by SARS coronavirus is characterized by diffuse edema resulting in hypoxia & progressive respiratory failure.

A

Pneumonia

89
Q

SARS is a severe atypical pneumonia characterized by

A

Fever, non-productive cough, dyspnea, chills, rigors, malaise &headache

90
Q

Does MERS-CoV spread from person to person?

A

Yes, but it does not appear to spread easily from person to person; a large number of virions are likely needed to be inhaled to cause infection.

Microbiology (5 decks)

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