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Immunology -- Jones > Final- Vaccines/ Adjuvants/ Preservatives > Flashcards

Final- Vaccines/ Adjuvants/ Preservatives Flashcards

1
Q

What is the goal of vaccines? In other words, what are they attempting to do?

A

stimulate the adaptive immune system to create MEMORY

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2
Q

How do the following cells create memory?

  1. Memory B cells
  2. Memory helper T cells
  3. Memory killer T cells
A
  1. Ag coming to a secondary lymph organ via lymph or blood
  2. APC must present Ag on a MHC II
  3. INFECTED cell must present the Ag on a MHC I
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3
Q

What cells can be produces even when an indavder does not infect an APC? In contract, what cell can only be made if the attacker infects an APC?

A

No infected APC: still make Memory B and Helper T cells

Infected APC: now can make Memory Killer T cells

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4
Q

What are the three strategies for vaccine development?

A
  1. Non-infectious
  2. Attenuated
  3. Carrier
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5
Q

What are the 6 types of vaccines?

A
  1. Attenuated vaccines
  2. Killed vaccines
  3. Subunit vaccines
  4. Conjugated vaccines
  5. Carrier vaccines
  6. DNA vaccines
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6
Q

What types of cells will Non-Infectious Vaccines cause the body to make?

A

Memory B and Helper T cells

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7
Q

T/F. Non-infectious vaccines cause the production of Memory Killer T Cells.

A

False

well maybe….

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8
Q

What type of vaccines are killed vaccines? What are two examples of killed vaccines?

A

Non-infectious vaccines

Ex: inactivated polio vaccine (killed virus)
Ex: Typhoid vaccine (killed bacteria)

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9
Q

What are three ways microbes are killed and put into killed vaccines?

A
  • chemicals
  • heat
  • radiation
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10
Q

What type of vaccines only use part of the pathogen, as in materials isolated from disrupted or lysed organisms? Give three examples?

A

Subunit vaccines (non-infectious vaccines)

Examples:

  • Hepatitis B vaccine
  • Tetanus toxoid
  • Acellular pertussis vaccine
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11
Q

What are three ways that Subunit vaccines are generated?

A
  1. Recombinant technology– virus like particle vaccines
  2. Toxoid– chemical or heat inactivation of toxin
  3. Part of pathogens– get rid of harmful portions and keep non-harmful portions
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12
Q

What type of vaccine combines different antigens to improve response, like carbohydrate antigens? What is an example?

A

Conjugate vaccines (non-infectious vaccine)

Ex: Hib vaccine (Haemophilus influenza type B vaccine)

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13
Q

How are Conjugate Vaccines generated?

A
  • Carbohydrate antigens that are T-independent, poor immunogens
  • Conjugate protein to carbohydrate antigen to make it more “visible” to immune system
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14
Q

What type of vaccine takes naked DNA extracted from a pathogen in hopes our host cells take up the DNA and make the proteins of the pathogen? What are two examples?

A

DNA vaccines (non-infectious vaccine)

Examples:

  • Clinical Trial of Zika Vaccine
  • West nile virus vaccine in horses
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15
Q

How are DNA Vaccines generated?

A
  • isolate DNA that encodes for pathogenic genes

- inject into patient, host machinery transcribes and translates DNA information

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16
Q

What type of vaccines DO NOT infect our cells and cause B cells to make Abs sufficient to protect against many pathogens?

A

Non-infectious vaccines

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17
Q

What vaccines do non-infectious vaccines work well for that do infect cells?

Which do they NOT work well for that also infect cells?

A
  • Poliovirus
  • Hepatitis B virus
  • Measles
  • Mumps

~so whether memory CTLs are required for protection depends on the particular microbe and its lifestyle

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18
Q

What type of vaccine uses weakened versions of the pathogens, but the organism is living?

A

Attenuated Vaccines (“infectious vaccines”)

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19
Q

What are Live Attenuated Vaccines hoping to mimic?

A

the kind of protective immunity found in people that have survived live infection

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20
Q

Production of what three cells will Live Attenuated Vaccines results in?

A
  • Memory B cells
  • Memory helper T cells
  • *Memory Killer T cells
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21
Q

What are some examples of Live Attenuated Vaccines?

A
  • Sabin Polio Vaccine (reproduced polio vaccine in Monkey kidney cells and resulted in a virus that was infectious but very weak)
  • Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) vaccines
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22
Q

What type of vaccines introduce a single gene from a pathogenic microbe into a virus that doesn’t cause disease?

A

Carrier Vaccines (“infectious vaccines/ kind of in b/w)

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23
Q

Do Carrier Vaccines infect the host’s APCs? If so, what are the pathogenic microbe protein fragments present on?

A

Yes; presented on MHC I molecules

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24
Q

What type of cells will a Carrier Vaccine results in the production of?

A
  • Memory B cells
  • Memory Helper T cells
  • *Memory killer T cells
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25
Q

What types of vaccines elicit a Killer T cell response?

A

Attenuated Vaccines and Carrier Vaccines

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26
Q

What is the concept often assoc. with vaccination where if enough people in a population are immune we break the cycle of transmission?

A

Herd Immunity

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27
Q

Compare Non-Infectious Vaccines vs Live Vaccines.

A

Non:

  • can’t contract actual illness
  • easy to manufacture
  • don’t elicit the same response as live pathogen

Live:

  • much more closely mimic real pathogen
  • difficult to manufacture
  • we can get SICK!
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28
Q

What type of vaccine is the Haemophilus Influenzae Type B disease (HIB vaccine)? What pathogen category does it fall into?

A

non-infectious

bacteria

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29
Q

What type of vaccine is the Pc Vaccine (Pneumococcal Disease)? What pathogen category is it?

A

Non-infectious– part of pathogen; extract vaccine; polysaccharide conjugate; Diphtheria toxoid

30
Q

What is the current vaccine called for Pneumococcal Disease (Pc Vaccine)? How is the new one called? How many strains does it have?

A

Prevnar 13

Pneumovax 23 (for 23 strains; not a conjugate vaccine)

Dozens of different strains

31
Q

What type of vaccine is Meningococcal Vaccine? What pathogen category is it?

A

Non-infectious–> parts of pathogen; Meningococcal sugars; Diphtheria toxin; Conjugate

Bacteria

32
Q

What type of vaccine type is Diphtheria (DTaP Vaccine) What pathogen category is it in? How severe is Diphtheria?

A

Non-infectious —> bacterial toxoid

Bacteria

severe cases result in 10% fatality

33
Q

What type of vaccine is for Tetanus (DTaP vaccine)? What pathogen category is it in?

A

non-infectious–> bacterial toxoid; extract vaccine and purified with formaldehyde

Bacteria

34
Q

What is used to treat Tetanus?

A

Tetanus Immune Globulin (TIG) injection and antibiotics

35
Q

What type of vaccine is for Pertussis (DTaP vaccine)? What pathogen category is it in?

A

Non-infectious –> bacterial toxin and bacterial proteins

Bacteria

aka whooping cough

36
Q

What three disease is the DTaP vaccine for?

A

Diphtheria
Tetnus
Pertussis

all non-infectious diseases

37
Q

What type of vaccine is the Hepatitis B Vaccine? What pathogen category is it in?

A

Non-infectious–> DNA from Hep B put in yeast cells; Hep B protein fragments are used–> Subunit Vaccine

Virus

38
Q

What type of vaccine is the Rotavirus Vaccine? What pathogen category is it in? What is it indistinguishable from?

A

Attenuated Live Vaccine

Virus

indistinguishable from common stomach flu (vomiting and diarrhea)

39
Q

What type of vaccine is the Polio Vaccine (IPV)? What pathogen category is it? What about the OPV vaccine?

A

Non-infectious —> whole, inactivated virus

Virus

that is an oral polio vaccine that is LIVE attenuated and can be a problem w/ vaccine induced polio!

40
Q

What type of vaccine is the Measles Vaccine (MMR)? What pathogen category is it?

A

Attenuated–> alive, but weakened viruses (MMR)

Virus

41
Q

What type of Vaccine is the Mumps Vaccine (MMR)? What pathogen category is it? How severe is it? How common?

A

Attenuated–> alive, but weakened viruses (MMR)

virus

cases range mild to severe, but severe is rare

42
Q

What type of vaccine is the Rubella Vaccine (MMR)? What pathogen category is it? What happens if a pregnant women gets the disease?

A

Attenuated –> alive, but weakened viruses (MMR)

virus

RISK: if pregnant female gets it, it can cause birth defects

cases range mild to severe, but severe is rare

43
Q

What diseases are all in the MMR vaccine? What type of vaccine is this?

A

Measles
Mumps
Rubella

Attenuated–> alive, but weakened viruses

44
Q

What type of vaccine is the Varicella Vaccine? What pathogen category is it?

A

Attenuated–> live, weakened virus

virus

(for chicken pox)

45
Q

How is the Shingles Vaccine different than the Varecella Vaccine for chickenpox?

A

Shingles vaccine contains ~14 times more

46
Q

What type of vaccine is the Hepatitis A Vaccine? What pathogen category is it?

A

Non-infectous–> whole, inactivated virus

virus

47
Q

What type of vaccine is the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine? What pathogen category is it?

A

Non-infectious–> yeast cells or insect cells are “taught” to make proteins form the HPV outer capsule are used–> Virus-like particles

virus

Ex: Gardasil, Cervarix

48
Q

What type of vaccine is BCG vaccine?What pathogen category is it? What does BCG stand for?

A

Attenuated bacteria

Bacteria Tuberculosis

= Bacillle Calmette-Guerin

49
Q

What are the three serotypes of influenza?

A
  • Influenza A serotypes (has subtypes)
  • Influenza B (found in humans)
  • Influenza C (rare and mild)
50
Q

What are two subtypes of the Influenza A serotypes?

A
  • 18 H subtypes (H = hemaglutinin)

- 11 N subtypes (N = neuraminidase)

51
Q

T/F. The influenza virus evolves rapidly where new strains quickly replace the older ones called antigenic drift and antigenic shift.

A

True

52
Q

What are the different types of Influenza Vaccines?

A
  1. Whole virus inactivated vaccines (MC)–> non-infectious
  2. Live attenuated, cold-adapted vaccines (spray in nose b/c only can multiply in cooler nasal passages)

also– Trivalent and Quadrivalent Vaccines–> may contain 3-4 flu strains

53
Q

What does “adjuvant” mean?

A

“helper”

54
Q

What is the point of having Adjuvants added to vaccines?

A

they “help” stimulate the immune system, increasing the immune response to the vaccine

find something that results in “just enough of a reaction” to elicit long term immunity w/o causing harm —> (BUT EVERYONE IS DIFFERENT)

55
Q

What do we want an adjuvant to do in a vaccine? What don’t we want it to do?

A

Want: to cause mild inflammation:

  • attract phagocytes
  • accelerate phagocyte activation
  • accelerate Ag presentation to T cells

Don’t want:
- adjuvant to be immunogenic

56
Q

What are some types of Adjuvants?

A
  1. Aluminum hydroxide
  2. Oil-emulsion adjuvants
  3. TLR agonists (activate TLR response
  4. Combination adjuvants
57
Q

What does adding the adjuvant Aluminum Hydroxide to a vaccine do?

A
  • “respository effect”–> slow release of Ag for longer response time
  • activation of IL-1 production, activation of DAMPs and PAMPs–> cell necrosis (brings in immune cells)
  • causes inflammation –> results in longer lasting immunity and possible Th1 response
58
Q

What are some issues with using Aluminum as an adjuvant in vaccines?

A
  • contact dermatitis
  • HAs, arthralgia, myalgia
  • Alum mediates Th2 responses–> may be problem for some w/ “propensity toward Th2 responses”
  • could result in an over-reaction
59
Q

Is Aluminum toxic?

A

YES! implicated in human conditions including neurodegenerative diseases

60
Q

Besides in vaccines, where else are we exposed to Aluminum?

A
  1. Antacids
  2. Env. inhalation
  3. Industrial air inhalation
  4. Antiperspirants
  5. Vaccines
  6. Food and water

Basically: Respiratory, Injection, and Ingestion

61
Q

What gives us the most exposure to aluminum per day?

A

Antacids :(

next is antiperspirants

62
Q

What do Oil-emulsion adjuvants do?

A
  • induce strong response–> including local cell death and production of danger signals
  • causes inflammation–> results in longer lasting immunity (likely same mechanisms as Alum)
  • tend to be reactogenic (produce adverse reactions), which is not ideal
63
Q

What do TLR agonists adjuvants do?

A
  • use pathogen components that activate a TLR response
  • activate TLR pathways–> inflammatory cytokines
  • Need to be mindful of over-reaction
  • monophosphorylo lipid A (MPL), lower toxicity

TLR = toll-like receptors; a type of PRR that binds to pathogen parts

64
Q

What are Combination Adjuvenats and what do they do?

A

= combination of alum and MPL (mono phosphoryl lipid A; an LPS like molecule)

  • enhances activity of MPL
  • increases reactogenicity
65
Q

Do adjuvants pose a potential health hazard?

A

yes–> we are using pro-inflammatory materials

66
Q

Why do we need vaccine preservatives?

A
  • single dose supply may not need it

- but multiple dose containers need them to remain free of microbes

67
Q

What are four Vaccine preservatives and ingredients?

A
  1. Antibiotics
  2. Residual materials from manufacturing process (egg protein, tissue culture “ingredients”)
  3. Thimerosal– ethyl mercury
  4. Formaldehyde
68
Q

What is Formaldehyde often used for in vaccines?

A

vaccine perservative/ingredient

often used to inactivate “organisms” or toxins

69
Q

Is thimerosal used as a preservative in routinely recommend childhood vaccines? What is it still used int?

A

No it is not (not since 2001)

BUT, it is still used in some influenza (flu) vaccines

it is a mercury-containing preservative

70
Q

Is formaldehyde naturally produced in the body? Where do we get most of our exposure? What are excessive amounts linked to?

A

yes, it is metabolized and excreted or used in metabolic processes

most exposure comes from env

excessive amounts linked to CA

71
Q

How has fatality from vaccines in the US changed over the years?

A

it has been going down since 1996 until now

72
Q

How can one attending school or going to a licensed child care center be exempt from getting a vaccine?

A

due to religious belief

but NOT based on scientific, medical, or personal opinion

Immunology -- Jones (14 decks)

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