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Immunology -- Jones > Final- Vaccines/ Adjuvants/ Preservatives > Flashcards

Final- Vaccines/ Adjuvants/ Preservatives Flashcards

1
Q

What is the goal of vaccines? In other words, what are they attempting to do?

A

stimulate the adaptive immune system to create MEMORY

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2
Q

How do the following cells create memory?

  1. Memory B cells
  2. Memory helper T cells
  3. Memory killer T cells
A
  1. Ag coming to a secondary lymph organ via lymph or blood
  2. APC must present Ag on a MHC II
  3. INFECTED cell must present the Ag on a MHC I
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3
Q

What cells can be produces even when an indavder does not infect an APC? In contract, what cell can only be made if the attacker infects an APC?

A

No infected APC: still make Memory B and Helper T cells

Infected APC: now can make Memory Killer T cells

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4
Q

What are the three strategies for vaccine development?

A
  1. Non-infectious
  2. Attenuated
  3. Carrier
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5
Q

What are the 6 types of vaccines?

A
  1. Attenuated vaccines
  2. Killed vaccines
  3. Subunit vaccines
  4. Conjugated vaccines
  5. Carrier vaccines
  6. DNA vaccines
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6
Q

What types of cells will Non-Infectious Vaccines cause the body to make?

A

Memory B and Helper T cells

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7
Q

T/F. Non-infectious vaccines cause the production of Memory Killer T Cells.

A

False

well maybe….

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8
Q

What type of vaccines are killed vaccines? What are two examples of killed vaccines?

A

Non-infectious vaccines

Ex: inactivated polio vaccine (killed virus)
Ex: Typhoid vaccine (killed bacteria)

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9
Q

What are three ways microbes are killed and put into killed vaccines?

A
  • chemicals
  • heat
  • radiation
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10
Q

What type of vaccines only use part of the pathogen, as in materials isolated from disrupted or lysed organisms? Give three examples?

A

Subunit vaccines (non-infectious vaccines)

Examples:

  • Hepatitis B vaccine
  • Tetanus toxoid
  • Acellular pertussis vaccine
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11
Q

What are three ways that Subunit vaccines are generated?

A
  1. Recombinant technology– virus like particle vaccines
  2. Toxoid– chemical or heat inactivation of toxin
  3. Part of pathogens– get rid of harmful portions and keep non-harmful portions
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12
Q

What type of vaccine combines different antigens to improve response, like carbohydrate antigens? What is an example?

A

Conjugate vaccines (non-infectious vaccine)

Ex: Hib vaccine (Haemophilus influenza type B vaccine)

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13
Q

How are Conjugate Vaccines generated?

A
  • Carbohydrate antigens that are T-independent, poor immunogens
  • Conjugate protein to carbohydrate antigen to make it more “visible” to immune system
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14
Q

What type of vaccine takes naked DNA extracted from a pathogen in hopes our host cells take up the DNA and make the proteins of the pathogen? What are two examples?

A

DNA vaccines (non-infectious vaccine)

Examples:

  • Clinical Trial of Zika Vaccine
  • West nile virus vaccine in horses
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15
Q

How are DNA Vaccines generated?

A
  • isolate DNA that encodes for pathogenic genes

- inject into patient, host machinery transcribes and translates DNA information

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16
Q

What type of vaccines DO NOT infect our cells and cause B cells to make Abs sufficient to protect against many pathogens?

A

Non-infectious vaccines

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17
Q

What vaccines do non-infectious vaccines work well for that do infect cells?

Which do they NOT work well for that also infect cells?

A
  • Poliovirus
  • Hepatitis B virus
  • Measles
  • Mumps

~so whether memory CTLs are required for protection depends on the particular microbe and its lifestyle

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18
Q

What type of vaccine uses weakened versions of the pathogens, but the organism is living?

A

Attenuated Vaccines (“infectious vaccines”)

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19
Q

What are Live Attenuated Vaccines hoping to mimic?

A

the kind of protective immunity found in people that have survived live infection

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20
Q

Production of what three cells will Live Attenuated Vaccines results in?

A
  • Memory B cells
  • Memory helper T cells
  • *Memory Killer T cells
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21
Q

What are some examples of Live Attenuated Vaccines?

A
  • Sabin Polio Vaccine (reproduced polio vaccine in Monkey kidney cells and resulted in a virus that was infectious but very weak)
  • Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) vaccines
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22
Q

What type of vaccines introduce a single gene from a pathogenic microbe into a virus that doesn’t cause disease?

A

Carrier Vaccines (“infectious vaccines/ kind of in b/w)

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23
Q

Do Carrier Vaccines infect the host’s APCs? If so, what are the pathogenic microbe protein fragments present on?

A

Yes; presented on MHC I molecules

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24
Q

What type of cells will a Carrier Vaccine results in the production of?

A
  • Memory B cells
  • Memory Helper T cells
  • *Memory killer T cells
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25
What types of vaccines elicit a Killer T cell response?
Attenuated Vaccines and Carrier Vaccines
26
What is the concept often assoc. with vaccination where if enough people in a population are immune we break the cycle of transmission?
Herd Immunity
27
Compare Non-Infectious Vaccines vs Live Vaccines.
Non: - can't contract actual illness - easy to manufacture - don't elicit the same response as live pathogen Live: - much more closely mimic real pathogen - difficult to manufacture - we can get SICK!
28
What type of vaccine is the Haemophilus Influenzae Type B disease (HIB vaccine)? What pathogen category does it fall into?
non-infectious bacteria
29
What type of vaccine is the Pc Vaccine (Pneumococcal Disease)? What pathogen category is it?
Non-infectious-- part of pathogen; extract vaccine; polysaccharide conjugate; Diphtheria toxoid
30
What is the current vaccine called for Pneumococcal Disease (Pc Vaccine)? How is the new one called? How many strains does it have?
Prevnar 13 Pneumovax 23 (for 23 strains; not a conjugate vaccine) Dozens of different strains
31
What type of vaccine is Meningococcal Vaccine? What pathogen category is it?
Non-infectious--> parts of pathogen; Meningococcal sugars; Diphtheria toxin; Conjugate Bacteria
32
What type of vaccine type is Diphtheria (DTaP Vaccine) What pathogen category is it in? How severe is Diphtheria?
Non-infectious ---> bacterial toxoid Bacteria severe cases result in 10% fatality
33
What type of vaccine is for Tetanus (DTaP vaccine)? What pathogen category is it in?
non-infectious--> bacterial toxoid; extract vaccine and purified with formaldehyde Bacteria
34
What is used to treat Tetanus?
Tetanus Immune Globulin (TIG) injection and antibiotics
35
What type of vaccine is for Pertussis (DTaP vaccine)? What pathogen category is it in?
Non-infectious --> bacterial toxin and bacterial proteins Bacteria aka whooping cough
36
What three disease is the DTaP vaccine for?
Diphtheria Tetnus Pertussis all non-infectious diseases
37
What type of vaccine is the Hepatitis B Vaccine? What pathogen category is it in?
Non-infectious--> DNA from Hep B put in yeast cells; Hep B protein fragments are used--> Subunit Vaccine Virus
38
What type of vaccine is the Rotavirus Vaccine? What pathogen category is it in? What is it indistinguishable from?
Attenuated Live Vaccine Virus indistinguishable from common stomach flu (vomiting and diarrhea)
39
What type of vaccine is the Polio Vaccine (IPV)? What pathogen category is it? What about the OPV vaccine?
Non-infectious ---> whole, inactivated virus Virus that is an oral polio vaccine that is LIVE attenuated and can be a problem w/ vaccine induced polio!
40
What type of vaccine is the Measles Vaccine (MMR)? What pathogen category is it?
Attenuated--> alive, but weakened viruses (MMR) Virus
41
What type of Vaccine is the Mumps Vaccine (MMR)? What pathogen category is it? How severe is it? How common?
Attenuated--> alive, but weakened viruses (MMR) virus cases range mild to severe, but severe is rare
42
What type of vaccine is the Rubella Vaccine (MMR)? What pathogen category is it? What happens if a pregnant women gets the disease?
Attenuated --> alive, but weakened viruses (MMR) virus RISK: if pregnant female gets it, it can cause birth defects cases range mild to severe, but severe is rare
43
What diseases are all in the MMR vaccine? What type of vaccine is this?
Measles Mumps Rubella Attenuated--> alive, but weakened viruses
44
What type of vaccine is the Varicella Vaccine? What pathogen category is it?
Attenuated--> live, weakened virus virus (for chicken pox)
45
How is the Shingles Vaccine different than the Varecella Vaccine for chickenpox?
Shingles vaccine contains ~14 times more
46
What type of vaccine is the Hepatitis A Vaccine? What pathogen category is it?
Non-infectous--> whole, inactivated virus virus
47
What type of vaccine is the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine? What pathogen category is it?
Non-infectious--> yeast cells or insect cells are "taught" to make proteins form the HPV outer capsule are used--> Virus-like particles virus Ex: Gardasil, Cervarix
48
What type of vaccine is BCG vaccine?What pathogen category is it? What does BCG stand for?
Attenuated bacteria Bacteria Tuberculosis = Bacillle Calmette-Guerin
49
What are the three serotypes of influenza?
- Influenza A serotypes (has subtypes) - Influenza B (found in humans) - Influenza C (rare and mild)
50
What are two subtypes of the Influenza A serotypes?
- 18 H subtypes (H = hemaglutinin) | - 11 N subtypes (N = neuraminidase)
51
T/F. The influenza virus evolves rapidly where new strains quickly replace the older ones called antigenic drift and antigenic shift.
True
52
What are the different types of Influenza Vaccines?
1. Whole virus inactivated vaccines (MC)--> non-infectious 2. Live attenuated, cold-adapted vaccines (spray in nose b/c only can multiply in cooler nasal passages) also-- Trivalent and Quadrivalent Vaccines--> may contain 3-4 flu strains
53
What does "adjuvant" mean?
"helper"
54
What is the point of having Adjuvants added to vaccines?
they "help" stimulate the immune system, increasing the immune response to the vaccine find something that results in "just enough of a reaction" to elicit long term immunity w/o causing harm ---> (BUT EVERYONE IS DIFFERENT)
55
What do we want an adjuvant to do in a vaccine? What don't we want it to do?
Want: to cause mild inflammation: - attract phagocytes - accelerate phagocyte activation - accelerate Ag presentation to T cells Don't want: - adjuvant to be immunogenic
56
What are some types of Adjuvants?
1. Aluminum hydroxide 2. Oil-emulsion adjuvants 3. TLR agonists (activate TLR response 4. Combination adjuvants
57
What does adding the adjuvant Aluminum Hydroxide to a vaccine do?
- "respository effect"--> slow release of Ag for longer response time - activation of IL-1 production, activation of DAMPs and PAMPs--> cell necrosis (brings in immune cells) - causes inflammation --> results in longer lasting immunity and possible Th1 response
58
What are some issues with using Aluminum as an adjuvant in vaccines?
- contact dermatitis - HAs, arthralgia, myalgia - Alum mediates Th2 responses--> may be problem for some w/ "propensity toward Th2 responses" - could result in an over-reaction
59
Is Aluminum toxic?
YES! implicated in human conditions including neurodegenerative diseases
60
Besides in vaccines, where else are we exposed to Aluminum?
1. Antacids 2. Env. inhalation 3. Industrial air inhalation 4. Antiperspirants 5. Vaccines 6. Food and water Basically: Respiratory, Injection, and Ingestion
61
What gives us the most exposure to aluminum per day?
Antacids :( next is antiperspirants
62
What do Oil-emulsion adjuvants do?
- induce strong response--> including local cell death and production of danger signals - causes inflammation--> results in longer lasting immunity (likely same mechanisms as Alum) - tend to be reactogenic (produce adverse reactions), which is not ideal
63
What do TLR agonists adjuvants do?
- use pathogen components that activate a TLR response - activate TLR pathways--> inflammatory cytokines - Need to be mindful of over-reaction - monophosphorylo lipid A (MPL), lower toxicity TLR = toll-like receptors; a type of PRR that binds to pathogen parts
64
What are Combination Adjuvenats and what do they do?
= combination of alum and MPL (mono phosphoryl lipid A; an LPS like molecule) - enhances activity of MPL - increases reactogenicity
65
Do adjuvants pose a potential health hazard?
yes--> we are using pro-inflammatory materials
66
Why do we need vaccine preservatives?
- single dose supply may not need it | - but multiple dose containers need them to remain free of microbes
67
What are four Vaccine preservatives and ingredients?
1. Antibiotics 2. Residual materials from manufacturing process (egg protein, tissue culture "ingredients") 3. Thimerosal-- ethyl mercury 4. Formaldehyde
68
What is Formaldehyde often used for in vaccines?
vaccine perservative/ingredient often used to inactivate "organisms" or toxins
69
Is thimerosal used as a preservative in routinely recommend childhood vaccines? What is it still used int?
No it is not (not since 2001) BUT, it is still used in some influenza (flu) vaccines it is a mercury-containing preservative
70
Is formaldehyde naturally produced in the body? Where do we get most of our exposure? What are excessive amounts linked to?
yes, it is metabolized and excreted or used in metabolic processes most exposure comes from env excessive amounts linked to CA
71
How has fatality from vaccines in the US changed over the years?
it has been going down since 1996 until now
72
How can one attending school or going to a licensed child care center be exempt from getting a vaccine?
due to religious belief but NOT based on scientific, medical, or personal opinion

Immunology -- Jones (14 decks)

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