Exam 2: Memory and Human Microbiome Flashcards
What is the longest lived Abs? how long do they live? What does this mean to us?
IgG; live for a month or two
therefore, Abs must be made continuously to confer the immunity
What three kinds of B cells are made when B cells are activated from initial invader?
- Short-Lived Plasma Cells
- Long-Lived Plasma Cells (memory cells)
- Central Memory B Cell (memory cell)
Where are short-term and long-term plasma cells produced?
in lymphoid follicles of secondary lymphoid organs
Where do short-term plasma cells travel?
Where do long-term plasma cells travel?
short-term–> to bone marrow and spleen
long-term–> to bone marrow
What type of B cell produces incredible amounts of anitbodies and live only for a few days?
Short-lived plasma cells
What type of B cells continuously produce modest amount of antibodies and provide “life-long antibody protection”?
long-lived plasma cells
What type of B cell slowly proliferates and maintains a pool of themselves and replace the long-lived plasma cells which die from old age?
Memory B stem cells and maintain a pool of Central memory B cells
If an invader is encountered a second time, when cells will quickly proliferate and making more short-lived plasma B cells?
Memory B stem cells (Central memory B cells)
Overall, what do these cells do?
- Short-lived B cell
- Long-lived B cell
- Central Memory cell
- massive Ab production and dies after a few days
- modest Ab production and always active
- Stem cell to replace–> long-lived B cells and short-lived B cells
how does B cell memory relate to primary and secondary Ab responses?
1st time–> delayed a bit and IgM is more prominent at start
2nd time—> Ab’s made right away much more, esp. IgG
T cell memory is similar to B cell memory, what are the three kinds of T cells that can be made?
- Effector T cells
- Memory Effector T cells
- Central Memory T cells
After activation of T cells, what do they do?
proliferate (10,000 fold)
What type of activated T cell will travel to battle site and fight, and most die of apoptosis after a few days?
Effector T cells
What type of activated T cell will travel to battle site and remain there and can stay there for at least 10 years?
Memory Effector T cells
What type of activated T cell will stay in secondary lymphoid organs and bone marrow? What do they do during a subsequent attack?
Central Memory T cells
quickly activate and proliferate (mostly into Effector T cells) and go to the battle site
During subsequent infections, how come we usually don’t even know we have been infected?
- more T and B cells specific to invader
- memory B and T cells are easier to activate
- Memory B cells are upgraded versions–> Somatic Hypermutation and Ab class has been pre-determined and better suited for invader
How is innate memory different than adaptive memory?
Innate–> born w/ in; is static; essentially all humans have SAME innate memory
Adaptive–> expandable; remembers invaders met; UNIQUE to each human
T/F. No two humans have the exact adaptive memory, but they do essentially have the same innate memory.
TRUEEE
What is CAR T cells and how do they work?
form of immunotherapy using specific altered T cells to fight Cancer
– sample patients blood and use their T cells and modify them to produce CARs on surface (chimeric antigen receptors)
What is the microbiome?
collection of microbes in and on us
- on skin and line GI tract
What percentage of us are human and what is microbial cells?
10% human
90% microbial
(or 1% human genes and 99% microbial genes)
Where do we find most gut microbes?
in the large intestine
How much of our fecal material is microbial stuff?
about 1/2
What cell types does out gut microbiome consist of?
- bacteria
- viruses
- fungi
- protozoa
