Final Thorax Flashcards
Compartments of thoracic cavity
Mediastinum
Pulmonary cavities
Layers of Thoracic Cavity
Inner to outer
Lung
Visceral pleura
Parietal Pleura
Parts of parietal pleura
costal
diaphragmatic
mediastinal
cervical
Pleural membrane
lining each pulmonary cavity
reflects onto and covers external surface of lungs
Parietal Pleura
outer lining of pulmonary cavity. Thoracic wall, mediastinum, diaphragm
can separate
Visceral Pleura
immediately adjacent to and invests lungs
cannot separate
Pleural sac
formed by continuous inner and outer walls and both parietal and visceral layers
Pleural cavity
is potential space between layers of pleura
contains serous pleural fluid to lubricate surfaces for smooth slide during respiration
really close layers, act together
The pleurae will….
change size during respiration. Changes size as the lung changes
Lungs main function
oxygenate blood
Each lung has…
apex, which is covered by cervical pleura
base
2 lobes left, 3 lobes right
Surfaces of lungs
costal
mediastinal
diaphragmatic
Borders of lungs
anterior
inferior
posterior
Fissures of R Lung
horizontal fissure
Oblique fissure
Fissures of L Lung
Oblique fissure
has a cardiac notch and lingula
Root of lung
contains arteries, veins, vessels, etc
posterior aspect of lungs
Tracheobronchial Tree
Primary –> Secondary –> Tertiary –> bronchioles –> alveolus
Secondary branchi
2 on left, 3 on right
each supplies a lobe of the lung
Tertiary segmental bronchi
supply bronchopulmonary segments
Right lymphatic duct
does the right side of the body, including the R lung
Thoracic duct
does the left side of the body, including the L lung
Nerves of lungs
Right and left pulmonary plexus
phrenic nerve
Mediastinum
between pulmonary cavities
covered in mediastinal pleura
contains all thoracic viscera and structures, except lungs
has superior, inferior –> anterior/posterior
Pericardium
Fibrous
Parietal
Pericardial cavity
Visceral
Heart
Chambers of heart
right atria
left atria
right ventricle
left ventricle
Atria purposes
receiving chambers, pump blood into ventricles
Ventricle purposes
discharing chambers
Diastole
ventricular elongation and filling
Systole
period of ventricular shortening and emptying
Deoxygenated blood
RIGHT to the lungs
SVC/IVC
Right atrium
Tricuspid valve
right ventricle
pulmonary valve
pulmonary artery
Oxygenated blood
Blood LEFT the lungs
Pulmonary veins
left atrium
mitral valve
left ventricle
aortic valve
aorta
Cardiac Cycle
Diastole (closure of aortic and pulmonary valves)
Opening of AV valves
Atrial contraction during final diastole
Closure of AV valves after systole begins
Endocardium
thin internal layer or lining membrane of the heart that also covers its valves
Myocardium
thick, helical middle layer composed of cardiac muscle
Epicardium
thin external layer formed by the visceral layer of serous pericardium
Apex of heart
formed by the inferolateral part of left ventricle
lies posterior to left 5th intercostal space
remains motionless throughout cardiac cycle
where sounds of mitral valve closure are at max
Base of heart
posterior aspect, opposite of apex
formed by left atrium
located at about t6-t9
Surfaces of heart
anterior
diaphragmatic
right pulmonary
left pulmonary
Anterior aspect of heart
formed mainly by right ventricle
also known as sternocostal
Diaphragmatic surface of heart
formed mainly by left ventricle and partly by right ventricle
related to central tendon of diaphragm
Right pulmonary surface of heart
formed mainly by right atrium
Left pulmonary surface of heart
formed by left ventricle
forms cardiac impression of left lung
Borders of heart
right
inferior
left
superior
Right border of heart
formed by right atrium
extends between SVC and IVC
slightly convex
Inferior border of heart
nearly horizontal
formed mainly by right ventricle
Left border of heart
oblique, nearly vertical
formed mainly by left ventricle
Superior border of heart
formed by right and left atria and auricles in anterior view
posterior to aorta and pulmonary trunk, forms border of transverse pericardial sinus
Valves of heart
tricuspid
pulmonary
mitral
aortic
Cusps of heart
anterior
left
posterior
right
septal
Pulmonary cusps
A, L, R
Aortic cusps
L, R, P
Mitral cusps
A, P
Tricuspid cusps
S, A, P
Right coronary artery supplies
right atrium
right ventricle
some of left ventricle
some of IV septum
SA node/AV node in most people
Left Coronary artery supplies
left atrium
left ventrilce
part of right ventricle
most of IVS
SA node in some people
Vasculature of heart
right coronary artery
left coronary artery
anterior interventricular branch
circumflex branch
Innervating of diaphragm
Motor = Phrenic (C3-5)
Sensory = Centrally Phrenic (C3-5), Peripherally Intercostal (T5-11), Subcostal (T12)
Characteristics of thoracic cavity
truncated cone
narrowest superiorly
circumference increasing inferiorly
maximum size at junction with abdominal portion
floor made up by thoracic diaphragm
Thoracic cage
ribs
costal cartilages
supported by sternum and throacic vertebrae
lower portion protect abdominal viscera
Thorax
region between neck and abdomen
contains organs of respiratory and cardiovascular systems
has 3 major spaces (mediastinum, pulmonary cavities)
Throacic wall
thoracic cage
muscles that extend between ribs
skin, subcutaneous tissue, muscles, and fascia on anterolateral aspect
Purposes of thoracic cage
protection of vital organs
resist negative internal pressures
attachment, support for weight for upper limbs
attachment of muscles
Characteristics of ribs
curved, flat bones of thoracic cage
light weight
flexible
interior contains bone marrow
true, false, floating
True ribs
vertebrosternal
1-7, attach to sternum through costal cartilages
False ribs
vertebrochondral
8,9,10
cartilages connected to cartilage of rib above them, indirectly attached to sternum
Floating ribs
vertebral, free. 10, 11, 12
do not attach to sternum AT ALL
Head of ribs
wedge-shaped
two facets that articulate with vertebrae
Neck of ribs
connects head and body at level of tubercle
Tubercle of ribs
articular part articulates with corresponding transverse process
non-articular part; attachment for costotransverse lig
Body of ribs
costal angle–> rib turns anterolateral
costal groove –> provides protection for intercostal nerve/vesselspo
Atypical ribs
1, 2
11-12
Typical ribs
3-9
Xiphoid process
junction with sternal body at xiphisternal joint is inferior limit of central part of thoracic cavity
midline marker for superior limit of the liver, central tendon of diaphragm, inferior border of heart
Sternum purpose
protection for mediastinal viscera
made up at manubrium, body, xiphoid process
Joints of thoracic wall
intervertebral
costovertebral
costchondral
interchondral
sternocostal
sternoclavicular
manubriosternal
xiphisternal
Sternal movement
pump-handle
Rib movements
bucket-handle
Movements of thoracic wall
forced inspiration = gets bigger
forced expiration = gets smaller
Interspinalis
pass between adjacent spinous processes. small
Intertransversarii
pass between adjacent transverse processes
