Final Test Study Notes Flashcards
What is the population of Canada?
40 Million
What are map projections and how are they used?
eg. Mercator, Winkel Tripel
The Earths features on a flat surface. They can be used as our guides and help us navigate + understand the world better.
how are timezones determined on maps? in canada? what time is it in another city in canda?
every 15 degrees of longitude the time changes 1 hour.
if it was 2pm in winnipeg, it would be 1pm in alberta.
what are the timezones of canada?
canada has 6 timezones and it is ADT (Atlantic daylight time) , PDT (pacific daylight time) , MDT (mountain daylight time) , CDT (central daylight time) , EDT (eastern daylight time), and NDT (newfoundland daylight time)
How are latitude and longitude determined and used as a coordinate system for the world?
Latitude:
-Runs east to west horizontally creating circles around the globe
-starting point is the equator at 0 degrees
Longitude:
-Runs north to south perpendicularly creating circles around the globe
-starting point is at 0 degrees and is called the “Prime Meridian”
the lines latitude and longitude create are used to pinpoint certain locations across the world
Map Scales
shows the relation between distance on a map and distance irl
What is remote sensing?
Why is it used in Geography
remote sensing is the study of the earths surface by electronic images taken by satellites and photos taken by aircrafts
It provides info about activities on the earths surface
Understand Plate Tectonics
A theory that states our Earths outer shell is made up of about 20 plates
The features of Earth are largely a result of conflict between forces. Explain
Forces like volcanoes, folding and faulting are constantly building up the landscapes while at the same time forces like wind, rain, running water, ice, and temperature change and chemical reactions are constantly wearing them down (erosion)
Name the three different types of rocks
Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic.
igneous rock
lava cools quickly on the earths surface forming with little or no crystals resulting in smooth texture
sedimentary rock
sediments are carried into the oceans and lakes where they form horizontal layers. over millions of years the weight of the successive layers compress the lower layers into rock
metamorphic rock
formed when igneous or sedimentary rock are subjected to heat, pressure, and certain types of fluid
List the landform regions (7)
Canadian Shield, western cordillera, appalachians, interior plains, great lakes - st lawrence lowlands, innuitian mountains, hudson bay arctic lowlands
canadan shield
-makes up half of canada
-mostly made up of igneous and metamorphic rocks
western cordillera
formed when the pacific plate forced its way under the north american plate
arctic - hudson bay lowlands
-climate is harsh and grounds have permafrost all year round
appalachians
-formed 300 million years ago when north america collided with europe and africa to form pangaea
interior plains
-formed when forces of erosion acted upon the shield and the rocky mountains, sediments flowed into the ancient seas that once covered the area
great lakes - st lawrence lowlands
-created by glacial activity
-glaciers carved out great lakes
innuitian mountains
- formed in the middle of the mesozoic era
-not subjected to much erosion because it is much younger than the appalachians
Identify two types of glaciers discussed in class review
alpine glacier and continential glacier.
alpine glacier moves downwards on mountains, sharpening the surface.
continential glacers move on their own weight across landscapes, smoothening the land.
define effects of glacial activity on geography
glacial activity can greatly effect landscapes, mineral deposits and erosion in the landscape
Define and understand the difference between Maritime and Continental climate types
Continental conditions are formed over land and their range of temperatures are great (greater than 25 degrees) because theres no body of water to moderate it.
Maritime conditions are formed over water and range in temperatures are smaller (less than 25 degrees) because of moderating effects of the ocean.
What is a moderating effect as it relates to weather?
Oceans and large lakes cool down and heat up more slowly than landmasses
What are some weather patterns and how do they develop?
A weather pattern occurs when the weather stays the same for days or weeks at a time. The patterns of weather are tied to the four seasons: summer, winter, spring, and fall.
Terminology used in describing weather and weather patterns
weather, rain, cloud, rainbow, temperature, pressure, overcast, shower, sunrise, dry, tornado, sunset, humidity, cold, heat, wind, cloudy, heat wave…… (idfk what he even means by this question like)
What are the main parts of soil?
minerals, bacteria/organic material, air, and moisture.
minerals:
become par of soil when rocks break down into slit clay and sand
Bacteria/O.M:
plants+animals die, bacteria in soil helps decompose them
air:
needed for plants and their roots.
-air pockets provided by burrowing animals and insects
moisture:
necessary for plant survival.
-water dissolves nutrients into soil which is taken by plants through roots
How are polar bears affected by climate change?
The Arctic is warming about twice as fast as the global average, causing the ice that polar bears depend on to melt away
What are GMO’s?
genetically modified organisms
-made by moving genes from one organism to another
Forests - where and what region are they most productive in Canada?
forests are most productive in the Boreal region that spans across newfoundland and labrador, atlantic coast, northerwestern british columbia, and yukon
Minerals - where does Canada rank in the production of minerals in the world?
naturally occurring, pure, non-living substance found in rocks
Acid Rain - what is acid rain and what effect does it have on forests in Canada? Where are the forests most affected by acid rain?
acid rain is any form of precipitation that has become unusually acidic, meaning there are high levels of hydrogen ions in that area.
it affects trees by dissolving important nutrients (magnesium and calcium) and limits their ability to absorb water b/cs of aluminum
acid rain primarily affects areas like Ontario and Quebec
What are examples of Primary, Secondary, and tertiary Industries?
primary:
-“extractive industries”
-agriculture(farming), mining, farestry, fishing, oil, and natural gas
-4% of workforce
secondary:
processing primary industry resources into products
-manufacturing and construction
-21% of workforce
tertiary:
largest sector
-service that supports primary n secondary
serve society as a whole
75% of workworve
What’s the primary reasons for the collapse of the East Coast cod fishery?
- overfishing,
- improved fishing technology (fishers get more fish)
- uncontrolled foreign fishing, (other countries fishing in the east coast - ex. Japan and Russia)
- destructive fishing practices (damaging the cod ecosystem, ex, dragging nets across the ocean floor)
- changes in natural conditions. (fishes migrating into other areas)
