Final Test Study Notes

Question 1

What is the population of Canada?

Answer 1

40 Million

Question 2

What are map projections and how are they used?
eg. Mercator, Winkel Tripel

Answer 2

The Earths features on a flat surface. They can be used as our guides and help us navigate + understand the world better.

Question 3

how are timezones determined on maps? in canada? what time is it in another city in canda?

Answer 3

every 15 degrees of longitude the time changes 1 hour.

if it was 2pm in winnipeg, it would be 1pm in alberta.

Question 4

what are the timezones of canada?

Answer 4

canada has 6 timezones and it is ADT (Atlantic daylight time) , PDT (pacific daylight time) , MDT (mountain daylight time) , CDT (central daylight time) , EDT (eastern daylight time), and NDT (newfoundland daylight time)

Question 5

How are latitude and longitude determined and used as a coordinate system for the world?

Answer 5

Latitude:
-Runs east to west horizontally creating circles around the globe
-starting point is the equator at 0 degrees

Longitude:
-Runs north to south perpendicularly creating circles around the globe
-starting point is at 0 degrees and is called the “Prime Meridian”

the lines latitude and longitude create are used to pinpoint certain locations across the world

Question 6

Map Scales

Answer 6

shows the relation between distance on a map and distance irl

Question 7

What is remote sensing?
Why is it used in Geography

Answer 7

remote sensing is the study of the earths surface by electronic images taken by satellites and photos taken by aircrafts
It provides info about activities on the earths surface

Question 8

Understand Plate Tectonics

Answer 8

A theory that states our Earths outer shell is made up of about 20 plates

Question 9

The features of Earth are largely a result of conflict between forces. Explain

Answer 9

Forces like volcanoes, folding and faulting are constantly building up the landscapes while at the same time forces like wind, rain, running water, ice, and temperature change and chemical reactions are constantly wearing them down (erosion)

Question 10

Name the three different types of rocks

Answer 10

Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic.

Question 11

igneous rock

Answer 11

lava cools quickly on the earths surface forming with little or no crystals resulting in smooth texture

Question 12

sedimentary rock

Answer 12

sediments are carried into the oceans and lakes where they form horizontal layers. over millions of years the weight of the successive layers compress the lower layers into rock

Question 13

metamorphic rock

Answer 13

formed when igneous or sedimentary rock are subjected to heat, pressure, and certain types of fluid

Question 14

List the landform regions (7)

Answer 14

Canadian Shield, western cordillera, appalachians, interior plains, great lakes - st lawrence lowlands, innuitian mountains, hudson bay arctic lowlands

Question 15

canadan shield

Answer 15

-makes up half of canada
-mostly made up of igneous and metamorphic rocks

Question 16

western cordillera

Answer 16

formed when the pacific plate forced its way under the north american plate

Question 17

arctic - hudson bay lowlands

Answer 17

-climate is harsh and grounds have permafrost all year round

Question 18

appalachians

Answer 18

-formed 300 million years ago when north america collided with europe and africa to form pangaea

Question 19

interior plains

Answer 19

-formed when forces of erosion acted upon the shield and the rocky mountains, sediments flowed into the ancient seas that once covered the area

Question 20

great lakes - st lawrence lowlands

Answer 20

-created by glacial activity
-glaciers carved out great lakes

Question 21

innuitian mountains

Answer 21

• formed in the middle of the mesozoic era
  -not subjected to much erosion because it is much younger than the appalachians

Question 22

Identify two types of glaciers discussed in class review

Answer 22

alpine glacier and continential glacier.

alpine glacier moves downwards on mountains, sharpening the surface.

continential glacers move on their own weight across landscapes, smoothening the land.

Question 23

define effects of glacial activity on geography

Answer 23

glacial activity can greatly effect landscapes, mineral deposits and erosion in the landscape

Question 24

Define and understand the difference between Maritime and Continental climate types

Answer 24

Continental conditions are formed over land and their range of temperatures are great (greater than 25 degrees) because theres no body of water to moderate it.
Maritime conditions are formed over water and range in temperatures are smaller (less than 25 degrees) because of moderating effects of the ocean.

Question 25

What is a moderating effect as it relates to weather?

Answer 25

Oceans and large lakes cool down and heat up more slowly than landmasses

Question 26

What are some weather patterns and how do they develop?

Answer 26

A weather pattern occurs when the weather stays the same for days or weeks at a time. The patterns of weather are tied to the four seasons: summer, winter, spring, and fall.

Question 27

Terminology used in describing weather and weather patterns

Answer 27

weather, rain, cloud, rainbow, temperature, pressure, overcast, shower, sunrise, dry, tornado, sunset, humidity, cold, heat, wind, cloudy, heat wave…… (idfk what he even means by this question like)

Question 28

What are the main parts of soil?

Answer 28

minerals, bacteria/organic material, air, and moisture.

minerals:
become par of soil when rocks break down into slit clay and sand

Bacteria/O.M:
plants+animals die, bacteria in soil helps decompose them

air:
needed for plants and their roots.
-air pockets provided by burrowing animals and insects

moisture:
necessary for plant survival.
-water dissolves nutrients into soil which is taken by plants through roots

Question 29

How are polar bears affected by climate change?

Answer 29

The Arctic is warming about twice as fast as the global average, causing the ice that polar bears depend on to melt away

Question 30

What are GMO’s?

Answer 30

genetically modified organisms
-made by moving genes from one organism to another

Question 31

Forests - where and what region are they most productive in Canada?

Answer 31

forests are most productive in the Boreal region that spans across newfoundland and labrador, atlantic coast, northerwestern british columbia, and yukon

Question 32

Minerals - where does Canada rank in the production of minerals in the world?

Answer 32

naturally occurring, pure, non-living substance found in rocks

Question 33

Acid Rain - what is acid rain and what effect does it have on forests in Canada? Where are the forests most affected by acid rain?

Answer 33

acid rain is any form of precipitation that has become unusually acidic, meaning there are high levels of hydrogen ions in that area.

it affects trees by dissolving important nutrients (magnesium and calcium) and limits their ability to absorb water b/cs of aluminum

acid rain primarily affects areas like Ontario and Quebec

Question 34

What are examples of Primary, Secondary, and tertiary Industries?

Answer 34

primary:
-“extractive industries”
-agriculture(farming), mining, farestry, fishing, oil, and natural gas
-4% of workforce

secondary:
processing primary industry resources into products
-manufacturing and construction
-21% of workforce

tertiary:
largest sector
-service that supports primary n secondary
serve society as a whole
75% of workworve

Question 35

What’s the primary reasons for the collapse of the East Coast cod fishery?

Answer 35

1. overfishing,
2. improved fishing technology (fishers get more fish)
3. uncontrolled foreign fishing, (other countries fishing in the east coast - ex. Japan and Russia)
4. destructive fishing practices (damaging the cod ecosystem, ex, dragging nets across the ocean floor)
5. changes in natural conditions. (fishes migrating into other areas)