Final Test! Risk Factors: Peers, Family, Gangs, Marginal and Homeless Youth Flashcards
What is recidivism?
when youth come out of the system and back into society.
What are dynamic risk factors?
Something that is amenable to treatment.
Examples: substance use; school achievements; pro-criminal attitudes, and anti-social peers.
Ways that can help: therapy, support, extra help.
What are static risk factors?
Something that cannot be changed (by treament)
Examples: parental abuse/neglect; onset of problem behaviour; early age of first conviction
Are “delinquent” youth likely to do well academically?
no but can be helped
Would “delinquent’s” have a good or bad social group?
bad social groups
What is a typical background for “delinquents”?
- Poor
- Targeted for bullying
- Not performing well academically
Can all lead to delinquency
What are the 4 types of parenting according to Baumrind?
- Authoritative
- Authoritarian
- Indulgent
- Indifferent
Define authoritative parenting.
When a parent is supporting and demanding.
Define Authoritarian parenting.
Reflecting and very demanding (more aggression; CA Research; Violent and aggressive)
Define Indulgent parenting.
Supportive and not demanding (“permissive” and friends) (behavioural issues)
Define indifferent parenting.
Rejecting and not demanding (neglect if extreme)
The “Bad Seed” and Invisible Victims
A child’s bad attitude is caused by bad parenting and can be fixed with tough love.
What are the 3 levels of crime prevention?
-Primary Prevention
- Secondary Prevention
- Tertiary Prevention
Define primary prevention.
It is focused on an entire population (neighbourhood, school, youth, or nation)
Define secondary prevention.
Focused specifically on those within a population who are seen to have a problem (substance abuse, living in a neighbourhood with high rates of unemployment)
Define Tertiary Prevention.
Focused on the small number of individuals or populations who already have serious or chronic problems (violent offenders, neighbourhoods with high crime rates)
Getting rid of trouble makers (Bowditch, 1993):
- Methods: DuBois HS (inner-city US; high population of Black youth)
o Demographics: neighbourhood with ½ adults not graduate from HS; ½ LIVE IN POVERTY; 60% only one parent - Research period: one school year
- Suspension rates: over 25% has been suspended at least once
- Discipline Office:
- A) Most routine problems: lateness, cutting class or disrupting class
- B) Less routine problems: fighting, drug possession, theft, vandalism or threats to teacher
- C) Rare: sale of drugs, violence against teacher, weapons
- Penalties: call parents (suspended/expel) or hold out of class
Youth Working for wages
- Youth and Unemployment [up to age 24]- have highest rate (race/ethnicity)- reasons?
- [less training & skills; less experience; employers want more stable/committed]
- Position [work]: marginal
- Education- plays important role in unemployment
- Common work:
- Service industry
- Construction and landscaping (seasonal)
- Boys vs girls (over school year; boys work more house & over more time)
- Wages (min wage) (ON: $15.60/HOUR- Oct, 2023 vs $16.55)
- Effects of work
- Positive- responsible, manage money; time management; confidence; better grades
- Negative (15 hours threshold*)
What is a gang?
An organized crime (membership)
What does a level 1 gang specialize in according to Wortley and Ellis, 2019?
*fluid friendship groups
*criminal activity periodic, unplanned
*no leadership
*no name, signs or symbols
*may form & disband quickly
What does a level 2 gang specialize in according to Wortley and Ellis 2019?
*Period of time (1 year or longer)
*Criminal activity is planned & deliberate
*Not tied to a specific neighbourhood
*May or may not have gang name, signs or symbols
*No formal leadership structure
*Violence & disputes over reputation/honour [the Code]
What does a level 3 gang specialize in according to Wortley and Ellis, 2019?
*Hierarchal structure with leaders & followers
*Criminal activity planned
*Control activities in territory
*Gang name, signs & symbols
*Violence (use of firearms)
*Conflict subculture
*Ex. Bloods & Crips (well known street gangs)
What does level 4 gangs specialize in according to Wortley and Ellis 2019?
*Sophisticated hierarchal structure
*Criminal activity planned
*Legal and illegal acts
*International business
*Violence of strategic purposes
*Criminal subculture
*Ex. Mafia, Drug Cartels, Hells Angels
Toronto Street Gang pilot project findings (Wortley and Tanner, 2007):
*Surveys and Interviews with street youth and high school students (gang membership)
- Sample size: High school 3, 393; Street Youth 396
- Toronto Street Gang pilot Project
- Qualitative interviews (n= 209 gang members)
- 83% males; 63% single-parents family; 14% grew up in child-protection system; 76% Canadian-born
How do homeless and marginal youth make money according to O’Grady and Gaetz?
- Panhandling
- Squeegee cleaning
- Sex for money
- Criminal activity (breaking and entering, selling stolen goods)
Importance on homeless “street” youth:
1) disproportionate charges and incarceration
2) disproportionate victimization
How do youth end up becoming homeless?
*Problems: with family (abuse/conflict), school, peers, parenthood, LGBTQ+, mental health issues
*Psychological harm: depression, low self-esteem, suicide, self-injurious behaviours (have these behaviours before they move out and stays with them for most of the time)
Family conflicts research and findings within homeless youth (Whitbeck et al., 1997):
- Measured: Parental monitoring, rejection, warmth & supportiveness
- Abuse: physical, sexual, aggression
*Parents & adolescent reports of abuse: did not differ! (the only difference was severity, the parents downplayed the severity than the youth)
- Violence
- Hit with object: 35% male, 30% females (National: 7%)
- beaten 16% males, 10% females (National: 2%)
- Sexual assaults: 18% parents reported (girls; but parents might not know)
*Policy implication:
- Mandatory returns: ignores dangerous environment (child and parent (s))
- Youth not wanted back
*Criminalize victim of abuse and exploitation
