Final Test! Girl Offenders Flashcards
1
Q
Biology and physiology according to Lomrosso:
A
- Lombrosso & atavism: biological physical characteristics (lower on the evolutionary
ladder. Should’ve concluded that girls are evolutionary advanced because we commit
less crimes) - Females evolutionary
- Criminality is suppressed (due to “natural” femininity of nurture and passive)
- Criminal women: born 1) masculine qualities or 2) developed characteristics
- Manipulation and deceit. There is no evidence to suggest that
2
Q
Chivalry hypothesis (Pollak, 1950) (this theory was ideological, was never tested):
A
- Differential reinforcement by system toward girls/women
- CJS: police are reluctant to arrest females, Crowns to prosecute and judges/juries to
convict - Official records (the system is nicer to females)
- Evidence (self-report surveys)
3
Q
Problem (Critique)- chivalry hypothesis:
A
- Chivalry not equally bestowed to all (Chesney-Lind, 1999)
- Paternalism: practice of restricting freedom & treating them as subordinates (children)
(women are treated as children in the justice system because they are not “capable” of
making decisions - Social characteristics affects- white middle class women benefits; poor, Black, &
Indigenous do not - Type of Offence: determine how women are treated (violent crimes)
- As victim of sexual assault (default: she is a liar)
- Reinforces patriarchy
- Girls/women: obedient, accept weaker position- more leniency
4
Q
Power control theory (Hagan, Gillis and Simpson, 1987):
A
- Class & family*
- 1) traditional (Patriarchal) family
- traditional roles
- Working-class households
- Daughters/ socialization and supervised
- Delinquency (daughters less delinquent (daughters are socialized, more
supervised); sons more delinquent) - 2) Modern (Egalitarian) family
- Non-traditional roles and power
- Middle-class households
- Daughters’ socialization
- Delinquency (daughters have increased delinquency (socialized to have more
risks and to have careers); sons have less)
5
Q
Criticisms power-control theory:
A
- Evidence is mixed (Now: Canadian families are far more complex) (since the 90s, they
have made it a rule to have two incomes) - Theory is sexist (the mothers were blamed if their children are delinquent)
6
Q
Canada- “Status offenses”- old (JDA):
A
- Self-report studies: minor offences; run away and sexual activities
- Court: supervision for girls (more formal)
- Assumption:
- Boys corrected with disciple (home)
- Girls deep-seated character disorder [sexist]
- Ex: 1930s (Hamilton)- boys 8 months vs girls 2 years (w/ more visits)
7
Q
1960s Canada- “Status Offences” old JDA:
A
- Main arguments: emotionally disturbed
- Belief: difficult to treat (“psychological pathology”)
- Sexually active: labelled ‘nymphomaniacs’ (psych disorder)
- Causes:
- Hunger for power (linked to Freud)
- Incestuous desires & latent homosexuality
- Rebellion and self-hatred
- Correlated to class (WC more delinquent and labelled sexually abnormal
8
Q
Status offences (under JDA) in 1960s to 1970s:
A
- Labelled differently: girls were “immoral”; boys were “frustrated and aggressive”
- Urgency of problem: focus on girls
- Second wave of feminism challenges- esp. need for institutionalization
9
Q
Canada- New Status Offences (YOA) (They have removed status offences and have been replaced to make it more legal):
A
- Status offences replacements (admin offences; ex. Breaching court orders and failure to
comply)* Curfew is a big one! FINAL EXAM: What were status offences replaced with? It
was replaced with admin offences - Girls charged- break curfew & run away [as admin offences]
- Under YOA: for own good rather than crime itself because you don’t know what’s good
for you (“paternalism”)
10
Q
Shoplifting (larceny-theft) patterns for boys:
A
Boys more frequently; more friends supportive. The gender gap is a small and is closing
11
Q
Shoplifting (larceny-theft) patterns for girls:
A
Vs girls steal more incident & start earlier. As early as 11-12 years old. Peaks at 15 for
girls and starts to decline. Theft is more pronounced during teenage years
12
Q
Shoplifting (larceny-theft) general:
A
- Shoplifting offences committed- [teens] in company of others; desire to impress friends
can be a bonding experience for teens and decreases over time. - Viewed as “pink collar” offence (“girls” crime) less likely to engage in violent crimes
- Theories to explain: social learning/differential association. Teens get help from teens
and friends to shoplif
13
Q
Bad boys or poor parents (Cauffman et al., 2008):
A
- Focus: a) general characteristics of romantic relationships; b) partner characteristics and
AS behaviours; c) interrelations between parental relationships, partners ASE & and
delinquency - Hypothesized: type of partner is more strongly related to antisocial behaviour
- Methods: From a sample of 1, 354 teens (170 males; 184 females), aged 14 to 17 years
[USA]
14
Q
Bad boys or poor parents- results:
A
- Prior relationships (partners)- boys vs girls
- Number (15.4B vs 8G) and length (4.4B vs 4.8G months)
- Risky behaviour (boys more likely; unfaithful, one-night, multiple)
- Current relationships
- Girls (greater age difference 2.4 vs 0.3 years)
- Self-Reported Offending and Relationships
- Antisocial encouragements (ASE) from partners (B &G similar)
- Girls (significant effect- BF ASE- engage in more)
- Self-reported crime
- Partners ASE and parental warmth (stronger offending when warmth was high)
- Girls’ delinquency (father warmth was high & partners ASE- more delinquency) it was
the partner’s effect that influences the girl more - Boys’ delinquency (high levels of ASE and high maternal warmth- more delinquent acts)
- Speculate: serious delinquents
15
Q
Girl aggression and delinquency (social psych) factors:
A
- 1) problematic family dynamics & parental relationships- parents & sibling; low maternal
attachment - 2) gender-based oppression and abuse & need to attract male gaze (for worth:
patriarchy) - 3) mental health and personality factors (depression, low self-esteem, suicidal ideation)
- 4) school difficulties (low achievement/commit) (dropping out of school)
- 5) alleviation of boredom and attention seeking (need to be noticed, included, valued)
acting, dressing older than what they are, told that this is important - 6) Substance abuse by parents [and the girls] parents are engaging in these behaviours
so more susceptible to drinking and substance abuse. The idea of can’t stop them and
more available - 7) Connection to delinquent peers (older males)
- 8) Negative self-representation (belief that others see them negatively)
