FINAL TERM- PPT- MITO & MUTA

Question 1

It means “sugar splitting,” which
is exactly what occurs during this pathway. The
six-carbon sugar glucose is broken down into
two three-carbon sugars called pyruvate (an
ionized form of pyruvic acid).
 Occurs in the cytosol

Answer 1

Glycolysis

Question 2

are the organelles that convert energy to forms that cells can use for work.

Answer 2

Mitochondria and Chloroplasts

Question 3

Catabolic pathway
⊡ End product - _____
⊡ By-product - _____
and _____

Answer 3

ATP
CO2 and H2O

Question 4

⊡ most efficient catabolic pathway
⊡ Foods/fuel - carbohydrates, fats, and protein
⊡ spontaneous

Answer 4

Aerobic respiration

Question 5

Greek - aer, air, and bios

Answer 5

life

Question 6

Two phases of glycolysis

Answer 6

Energy investment and energy payoff phase

Question 7

The cell actually consumes ATP during the
energy investment phase.

Answer 7

Energy investment

Question 8

NAD+ is reduced to NADH by electrons released from glucose oxidation. The net energy production from glycolysis is 2 ATP + 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate per glucose molecule.

Answer 8

Energy payoff phase

Question 9

Products of Glycolysis

Answer 9

⊡ 2 Pyruvates
⊡ 2 ATP
⊡ 2 NADH

Question 10

is the end-product of glycolysis, is derived from
additional sources in the cellular cytoplasm, and is ultimately destined for transport into mitochondria as a master fuel input
undergirding citric acid cycle carbon flux

Answer 10

Pyruvate

Question 11

The enzyme responsible for the
catalyzation of the three steps is
pyruvate oxidation is ____________

Answer 11

Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex

Question 12

Pyruvate is a charged molecule, so in
eukaryotic cells, it must enter the
mitochondrion via ___________, with the
help of a ________________.

Answer 12

active transport, transport protein

Question 13

It is an important cell’s metabolic hub. It
is composed of eight enzymes, all of which are within the mitochondrial matrix except the outlier succinate dehydrogenase, which is related to the respiratory chain on the
inner mitochondrial membrane

Answer 13

Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle

Question 14

He was able to present a complete picture of an important part of metabolism—the citric acid cycle

Answer 14

Hans Kreb

Question 15

The citric acid cycle produces _______, ________, ________, ________

Answer 15

Carbon, NADH, FADH2, ATP or GTP

Question 16

It powers ATP synthase to
ADP + Pi →ATP as H+ diffuse back into
matrix
⊡ 1 glucose yields 26-28 net ATP
(depending on which e- carriers used)

Answer 16

Proton gradient

Question 17

most energy flows in this sequence: glucose-NADH-electron transport chain-proton-
motive force- ATP

Answer 17

Cellular respiration

Question 18

The three main department of this metabolic
enterprise:

Answer 18

Glycolysis
Pyruvate oxidation
Citric Acid cycle

Question 19

How many ATP are produced during respiration?

Answer 19

32 per glucose

Question 20

How many ATP are produced during fermentation?

Answer 20

2 per glucose

Question 21

What are the metabolic pathways?

Answer 21

Anabolic and Catabolic

Question 22

Small molecules are assembled into large ones. Energy is required.

Answer 22

Anabolic

Question 23

Large molecules are broken down into small ones. Energy is released.

Answer 23

Catabolic

Question 24

• Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
• May occur in somatic cells (aren’t passed to
  offspring)
• May occur in gametes (eggs & sperm) and be
  passed to offspring

Answer 24

Mutation

Question 25

What causes mutations?

Answer 25

Chemicals and UV

Question 26

Some type of skin cancers and leukemia result from ____________

Answer 26

Somatic mutations

Question 27

It is a DNA molecule that is tightly coiled around proteins called histones, which support its structure, to form a thread-like structures.

Answer 27

Chromosome

Question 28

Five types of chromosome mutation

Answer 28

– Deletion – Inversion – Translocation – Nondisjunction – Duplication

Question 29

Type of chromosome mutation * Due to breakage * A piece of a chromosome is lost

Answer 29

Deletion

Question 30

Type of chromosome mutation * Chromosome segment breaks off * Segment flips around backwards * Segment reattaches

Answer 30

Inversion

Question 31

Type of chromosome mutation * Occurs when a gene sequence is repeated

Answer 31

Duplication

Question 32

Type of chromosome mutation * Involves two chromosomes that are NOT homologous * Part of one chromosome is transferred to another chromosome

Answer 32

Translocation

Question 33

Type of chromosome mutation * Failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis * Causes gamete to have too many or too few chromosomes * Disorders: – Down Syndrome – three 21st chromosomes – Turner Syndrome – single X chromosome – Klinefelter’s Syndrome – XXY chromosomes

Answer 33

Nondisjunction

Question 34

also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21. It is typically associated with physical growth delays, characteristic facial features and mild to moderate intellectual disability.

Answer 34

Down syndrome

Question 35

A condition that affects only females, results when one of the X chromosomes (sex chromosomes) is missing or partially missing. It can cause a variety of medical and developmental problems, including short height, failure of the ovaries to develop and heart defects.

Answer 35

Turner syndrome

Question 36

occurs when a boy is born with one or more extra X chromosomes. Most males have one Y and one X chromosome. Having extra X chromosomes can cause a male to have some physical traits unusual for males such as weaker muscles, greater height, poor coordination, less body hair, and sterility

Answer 36

Klinefelter's syndrome

Question 37

* Change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene * May only involve a single nucleotide * May be due to copying errors, chemicals, viruses, etc.

Answer 37

Gene mutations

Question 38

Type of Gene Mutations

Answer 38

– Point Mutations – Substitutions – Insertions – Deletions – Frameshift

Question 39

Type of gene mutation * Change of a single nucleotide * Includes the deletion, insertion, or substitution of ONE nucleotide in a gene

Answer 39

Point mutation

Question 40

is the result of one nucleotide substitution * Occurs in the hemoglobin gene

Answer 40

Sickle cell disease

Question 41

Type of gene mutation * Inserting or deleting one or more nucleotides * Changes the “reading frame” like changing a sentence * Proteins built incorrectly

Answer 41

Frameshift mutation

Question 42

It is a mutation that exchanges one base for another (i.e., a change in a single "chemical letter" such as switching an A to a G)

Answer 42

Substitution mutation

Question 43

Type of gene mutation - The addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence

Answer 43

Insertion mutation

Question 44

Type of gene mutation - A part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is lost during DNA replication. - Any number of nucleotides can be deleted, from a single base to an entire piece of chromosome

Answer 44

Deletion mutation