FINAL TERM- PPT- MITO & MUTA Flashcards
It means “sugar splitting,” which
is exactly what occurs during this pathway. The
six-carbon sugar glucose is broken down into
two three-carbon sugars called pyruvate (an
ionized form of pyruvic acid).
Occurs in the cytosol
Glycolysis
are the organelles that convert energy to forms that cells can use for work.
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
Catabolic pathway
⊡ End product - _____
⊡ By-product - _____
and _____
ATP
CO2 and H2O
⊡ most efficient catabolic pathway
⊡ Foods/fuel - carbohydrates, fats, and protein
⊡ spontaneous
Aerobic respiration
Greek - aer, air, and bios
life
Two phases of glycolysis
Energy investment and energy payoff phase
The cell actually consumes ATP during the
energy investment phase.
Energy investment
NAD+ is reduced to NADH by electrons released from glucose oxidation. The net energy production from glycolysis is 2 ATP + 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate per glucose molecule.
Energy payoff phase
Products of Glycolysis
⊡ 2 Pyruvates
⊡ 2 ATP
⊡ 2 NADH
is the end-product of glycolysis, is derived from
additional sources in the cellular cytoplasm, and is ultimately destined for transport into mitochondria as a master fuel input
undergirding citric acid cycle carbon flux
Pyruvate
The enzyme responsible for the
catalyzation of the three steps is
pyruvate oxidation is ____________
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Pyruvate is a charged molecule, so in
eukaryotic cells, it must enter the
mitochondrion via ___________, with the
help of a ________________.
active transport, transport protein
It is an important cell’s metabolic hub. It
is composed of eight enzymes, all of which are within the mitochondrial matrix except the outlier succinate dehydrogenase, which is related to the respiratory chain on the
inner mitochondrial membrane
Tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle
He was able to present a complete picture of an important part of metabolism—the citric acid cycle
Hans Kreb
The citric acid cycle produces _______, ________, ________, ________
Carbon, NADH, FADH2, ATP or GTP
It powers ATP synthase to
ADP + Pi →ATP as H+ diffuse back into
matrix
⊡ 1 glucose yields 26-28 net ATP
(depending on which e- carriers used)
Proton gradient
most energy flows in this sequence: glucose-NADH-electron transport chain-proton-
motive force- ATP
Cellular respiration
The three main department of this metabolic
enterprise:
Glycolysis
Pyruvate oxidation
Citric Acid cycle
How many ATP are produced during respiration?
32 per glucose
How many ATP are produced during fermentation?
2 per glucose
What are the metabolic pathways?
Anabolic and Catabolic
Small molecules are assembled into large ones. Energy is required.
Anabolic
Large molecules are broken down into small ones. Energy is released.
Catabolic
- Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA
- May occur in somatic cells (aren’t passed to
offspring) - May occur in gametes (eggs & sperm) and be
passed to offspring
Mutation
What causes mutations?
Chemicals and UV
Some type of skin cancers and leukemia
result from ____________
Somatic mutations
It is a DNA molecule that is tightly coiled around proteins called histones, which support its structure, to form a thread-like structures.
Chromosome
Five types of chromosome mutation
– Deletion
– Inversion
– Translocation
– Nondisjunction
– Duplication
Type of chromosome mutation
* Due to breakage
* A piece of a
chromosome is lost
Deletion
Type of chromosome mutation
* Chromosome segment
breaks off
* Segment flips around
backwards
* Segment reattaches
Inversion
Type of chromosome mutation
* Occurs when a
gene sequence is
repeated
Duplication
Type of chromosome mutation
* Involves two
chromosomes that
are NOT homologous
* Part of one
chromosome is
transferred to
another chromosome
Translocation
Type of chromosome mutation
* Failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis
* Causes gamete to have too many or too few chromosomes
* Disorders:
– Down Syndrome – three 21st chromosomes
– Turner Syndrome – single X chromosome
– Klinefelter’s Syndrome – XXY chromosomes
Nondisjunction
also known as trisomy 21, is a genetic disorder
caused by the presence of all or part of
a third copy of chromosome 21. It is
typically associated with physical
growth delays, characteristic facial
features and mild to moderate
intellectual disability.
Down syndrome
A condition that affects only females, results when one of the X chromosomes (sex chromosomes) is missing or partially missing.
It can cause a variety of medical and developmental problems, including short height, failure of the ovaries to develop and heart defects.
Turner syndrome
occurs when a boy is born with one or more extra X chromosomes. Most males have
one Y and one X chromosome. Having extra X chromosomes can cause a male to have some
physical traits unusual for males such as weaker muscles, greater height, poor coordination, less body hair, and sterility
Klinefelter’s syndrome
- Change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene
- May only involve a single nucleotide
- May be due to copying errors, chemicals, viruses, etc.
Gene mutations
Type of Gene Mutations
– Point Mutations
– Substitutions
– Insertions
– Deletions
– Frameshift
Type of gene mutation
* Change of a single
nucleotide
* Includes the
deletion, insertion, or
substitution of ONE
nucleotide in a gene
Point mutation
is the result of one nucleotide substitution
* Occurs in the hemoglobin gene
Sickle cell disease
Type of gene mutation
* Inserting or deleting one or more nucleotides
* Changes the “reading frame” like changing a
sentence
* Proteins built incorrectly
Frameshift mutation
It is a mutation that exchanges one base for another
(i.e., a change in a single
“chemical letter” such as
switching an A to a G)
Substitution mutation
Type of gene mutation
- The addition of one or more
nucleotide base pairs into a DNA
sequence
Insertion mutation
Type of gene mutation
- A part of a chromosome or a sequence of DNA is lost during DNA replication.
- Any number of nucleotides can be deleted, from a single base to an entire piece of chromosome
Deletion mutation
