FINAL TERM- PPT- CHLORO Flashcards
Are thought to have become a part of certain eukaryotic cells in much the same way as mitochondria were incorporated into all eukaryotic cells
Chloroplast
The first eukaryotic cell was probably an amoeba-like cell that got nutrients by phagocytosis and contained a nucleus
Endosymbiotic theory
Evidence that chloroplast evolved from bacteria
- Chloroplast have their own separate DNA
- New chloroplast are formed through binary fission or splitting
- Chloroplast from cyanobacteria
- mitochondria from aerobic bacteria
Greek word= ________ means green/ _________ means formed
khloros, plastes
- obtains nutrients from other plants
- lost the genes coding for the development of the chloroplast
Rafflesia
Three types of plastids
Chromoplast, chloroplast, leucoplast
These are the color plastids, found in all flowers, and fruits and are mainly responsible for their distinctive colors
Chromoplast
They are green-colored plastids, which comprise green-colored pigments within the plant cell and are call chlorophyll
Chloroplasts
They are colorless plastids and are mainly used for the storage of starch , lipids, and proteins within the plants
Leucoplast
a round, oval, or disk-shaped body that is involved in the synthesis and storage of foodstuffs
Chloroplasts
The space between inner and outer membranes. It is the region between the inner membrane and the outer membrane of a mitochondrion or a chloroplast. Its main function is nucleotide phosphorylation.
Intermembrane space
Its important roles are in signal transduction, protein import, lipid biosynthesis and remodeling, exchange of ions and numerous metabolites, plastid division, movement, and host defense.
Outer membrane
It separates the stroma from
the intermembrane space. It fills the role of the
inner mitochondrial membrane in electron
transport and the chemiosmotic generation of
ATP the inner membrane is impermeable to ions and metabolites, which are therefore able to enter chloroplast inly via specific membrane
transporters.
Inner membrane
it increase the efficiency of
photosynthesis by keeping grana at a distance so that they do not clutter together. They are also known as stroma thylakoids. They ensure
maximum energy from sunlight is captured in
photosynthesis
Stroma lamella
it is a colorless, alkaline, aqueous,
protein rich the fluid present within the inner
membrane of the chloroplast present
surrounding the grana.
Stroma
LIGHT REACTIONS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS ARE
PERFORMED IN __________ WHILE DARK
REACTIONS ARE PERFORMED IN THE __________
Granum, Stroma
Factors affecting photosynthesis
Chlorophyll, sunlight, water, carbon dioxide
In plants, photosynthesis generally takes place in leaves, which consist of several layers of cells:
Epidermis, mesophyll, veins
is the outer layer of the cells
covering the leaf
Epidermis
a thin layer a top the epidermis
Waxy cuticle
is involved in photosynthesis by allowing sunlight to penetrate through its layer.
- Cell contains no chloroplast
Upper epidermis
is the primary location of
Photosynthesis in the plant
Mesophyll
where photosynthesis mostly occur
- Its cell contains a lot of chloroplast.
- Cells are completely packed together.
- Only found in the upper part of the
leaf
Palisade mesophyll
its cells are not as closely packed as the cells in the palisade mesophyll layer.
- Creates air space inside the leaf to
enables the gases to move in and out
- Not as many chloroplast
- Photosynthesis still occurs in the spongy
mesophyll layer.
Spongy mesophyll layer
This is the bottom layer of the leaf and is a one cell thick.
- May/ may not contain a cuticle
- Holes can be found in leaves
called stomata; allow gases to diffuse in and out of the leaves.
Lower epidermis
The stomata formed by 2 highly specialized epidermis cells, called
Guard cells
provide the transport of materials in the leaf.
Carries water, minerals, and food through the leaf and rest of the plant.
Veins
Two parts of Vein-leaf structure
Xylem and Phloem
water and mineral transport.
Xylem
sugar and food transport
Phloem
It is an organic molecule that absorbs
light
It is found in chloroplast of plant cell.
In plants, it gives the leaves, flowers and
fruits their colors.
Pigments
Type of pigment that plays a crucial role in
converting light energy to chemical
energy
Chlorophyll a
Types of pigment that is present in plants, green algae and some cyanobacteria
Chlorophyll b
Type of pigment that is found in diatoms, dinoflagellates and brown algae
Chlorophyll c
Type of pigment that is present only in red algae
Chlorophyll d
It gives plants yellow, red or orange
pigment
It is known as accessory pigment.
Carotenoids
It is found in the vacuole of plant cell.
Most common flavonoids: Anthocyanin
(gives red pigment)
Anthocyanin is found in petals, fruits,
stems, and leaves
Flavonoids
Three main stages of dark independent reaction/ calvin cycle
Carbon fixation, reduction and regeneration
Three factors can limit the rate of
photosynthesis:
light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature
