final stuff

Question 1

when was the first disability sport

Answer 1

1888, sport for the deaf

Question 2

First Mandeville Games

Answer 2

1948, wheelchair archery
(focus was just participation)

Question 3

First Paralympic Games

Answer 3

1960 in Rome (first time disabled sport seen as elite competition rather than participation)

Question 4

“one bid-one city”

Answer 4

2000, IOC + IPC host both games in the same place

Question 5

impairment vs disability

Answer 5

physical limitation (regardless of society) vs disadvantage of living in an able bodied world

Question 6

ideological state apparatus

Answer 6

prep for working class to accept a life of exploitation

Question 7

Guttman

Answer 7

started activity for disabled people at Stoke Mandeville hospital with war veterans

Question 8

Banton

Answer 8

races are in a hierarchy (whites at top, “other” are below)

Question 9

Gobineau

Answer 9

white supremacy emerged from Darwin’s theory of evolution

Question 10

St. Louis

Answer 10

contested scientific opinion creates tabloid science that is more valued than scientific evidence

Question 11

Cashmore

Answer 11

scientific racism shown through encouraging black students to find success in athletics over academia

Question 12

noteworthy athletes (impact on blacks vs whites)

Answer 12

-blacks believed sport could provide social mobility
-whites believed in myths of black athleticism

Question 13

4 noteworthy black athletes

Answer 13

Jack Johnson (boxer), Joe Louis (boxer), Jesse Owens (track), Jackie Robinson (MLB)

Question 14

trends of black sport in antebellum south

Answer 14

slaves often used in athletic contests to make money for owners, but also used these contests to wager their freedom (ex Tom Molineaux)

Question 15

Barthes

Answer 15

myth defined by dualisms, one is always seen as superior (ex. Civilized vs Savage)

Question 16

Farnell

Answer 16

aboriginal mascots represent imperialist nostalgia but cover it by claiming to “honor” indigenous culture (even though the version they honor is the white fabrication)

Question 17

Lyle Thompson

Answer 17

lacrosse player who experienced racism due to his long “savage” hair

Question 18

3 experiences of indigenous athletes within white settler sports

Answer 18

1. racism- “indian superiority” in lacrosse
2. exploitation- often taken advantage of and misrepresented
3. ethnocentric distortion- Dr. Beers (white) seen as Father of lacrosse which erased the sports’ indigenous origins

Question 19

Shoni Schimmel

Answer 19

basketball player who showed that the Rez could be source of community/inspiration rather than poverty (as seen in media)

Question 20

Kyrie Irving

Answer 20

-support for standing rock
-showed that you cannot just claim indigenous identity, a community must accept your claim

Question 21

Nike N7

Answer 21

used mostly non-stereotypical images to sell shoe in support of indigenous communities
(an example of how nativism is a small portion of the consumer population but is exploited on many different products- pontiac cars, land O lakes butter)

Question 22

neoliberalism

Answer 22

market has best solutions to not just economic problems (social and political)

Question 23

3 new social movements in sport

Answer 23

-Global Anti Golf Movement-1993 issues with golf
-Bread not circuses- concerns of Toronto’s 1996 bid for summer Olympics
-Nike Transnational Advocacy Network- protests of unfair labor practices in Asian factories

Question 24

3 New Social Movements

Answer 24

1. Zapatistas- mexican indigenous mistreatment
2. intifada- palestinian protests against israeli occupation
3. anti-aparteid- white vs black in South Africa

Question 25

4 Tactics used by NTAN

Answer 25

1. repertoires of contention- public grievances
2. disruption- strikes/protests (Nike Mobilization day in ‘98)
3. Violence- Niketown trashed in Eugene in ‘98 (can be counter-productive
4. Negotiation of compromise- minimal as Nike played the innocent card

Question 26

If you let me play campaign

Answer 26

Nike’s attempt of empowering female middle class in West (based on disempowerment of Asian female factory workers)