final stuff Flashcards
when was the first disability sport
1888, sport for the deaf
First Mandeville Games
1948, wheelchair archery
(focus was just participation)
First Paralympic Games
1960 in Rome (first time disabled sport seen as elite competition rather than participation)
“one bid-one city”
2000, IOC + IPC host both games in the same place
impairment vs disability
physical limitation (regardless of society) vs disadvantage of living in an able bodied world
ideological state apparatus
prep for working class to accept a life of exploitation
Guttman
started activity for disabled people at Stoke Mandeville hospital with war veterans
Banton
races are in a hierarchy (whites at top, “other” are below)
Gobineau
white supremacy emerged from Darwin’s theory of evolution
St. Louis
contested scientific opinion creates tabloid science that is more valued than scientific evidence
Cashmore
scientific racism shown through encouraging black students to find success in athletics over academia
noteworthy athletes (impact on blacks vs whites)
-blacks believed sport could provide social mobility
-whites believed in myths of black athleticism
4 noteworthy black athletes
Jack Johnson (boxer), Joe Louis (boxer), Jesse Owens (track), Jackie Robinson (MLB)
trends of black sport in antebellum south
slaves often used in athletic contests to make money for owners, but also used these contests to wager their freedom (ex Tom Molineaux)
Barthes
myth defined by dualisms, one is always seen as superior (ex. Civilized vs Savage)
Farnell
aboriginal mascots represent imperialist nostalgia but cover it by claiming to “honor” indigenous culture (even though the version they honor is the white fabrication)
Lyle Thompson
lacrosse player who experienced racism due to his long “savage” hair
3 experiences of indigenous athletes within white settler sports
- racism- “indian superiority” in lacrosse
- exploitation- often taken advantage of and misrepresented
- ethnocentric distortion- Dr. Beers (white) seen as Father of lacrosse which erased the sports’ indigenous origins
Shoni Schimmel
basketball player who showed that the Rez could be source of community/inspiration rather than poverty (as seen in media)
Kyrie Irving
-support for standing rock
-showed that you cannot just claim indigenous identity, a community must accept your claim
Nike N7
used mostly non-stereotypical images to sell shoe in support of indigenous communities
(an example of how nativism is a small portion of the consumer population but is exploited on many different products- pontiac cars, land O lakes butter)
neoliberalism
market has best solutions to not just economic problems (social and political)
3 new social movements in sport
-Global Anti Golf Movement-1993 issues with golf
-Bread not circuses- concerns of Toronto’s 1996 bid for summer Olympics
-Nike Transnational Advocacy Network- protests of unfair labor practices in Asian factories
3 New Social Movements
- Zapatistas- mexican indigenous mistreatment
- intifada- palestinian protests against israeli occupation
- anti-aparteid- white vs black in South Africa
4 Tactics used by NTAN
- repertoires of contention- public grievances
- disruption- strikes/protests (Nike Mobilization day in ‘98)
- Violence- Niketown trashed in Eugene in ‘98 (can be counter-productive
- Negotiation of compromise- minimal as Nike played the innocent card
If you let me play campaign
Nike’s attempt of empowering female middle class in West (based on disempowerment of Asian female factory workers)
