Final Exam Review Flashcards
Discourse
-Foucault
-statements that make up a topic (certain ways of talking)
Dr. Ludwig Guttman
started rehabilitation for war veterans in the Stoke Mandeville Hospital
History of Deaf Athletics (3)
-1888 sport for deaf in Berlin
- became International committee of sports for deaf
-deaflympics after winter/summer olympics & paralympics
Stoke Mandeville Games
-July 1894
-only wheelchair athletes in archery (focus was participation > competition)
-netball eventually added
First Paralympic Games
-aka 9th Stoke Mandeville games
-1960 in Rome, 400 athletes (23 countries)
-Held in the same host city as olympics (not done again until ‘88-summer and ‘92-winter)
Paralympics today
-elite disability sport (not just participation)
-athletes classified based on disability
-almost 4000 athletes from 146 countries in 2008
When/ where was the International Paralympic Committee formed & who was its first/current president?
-1989 in Germany
-first president was Steadward, now Parsons
IPC-IOC agreement
-2000 where “One Bid, one city” meaning Paralympics automatically included in bid for Olympics
5 limitations of Paralympics
- Athletes seen as tragedies
- Focus is on records/stats not people/stories
- Those who “empower” athletes (experts) > popularity than actual athletes
- Undermine athlete resistance (seen as rebellious if speaking against popular disabled narratives)
- Increased use of power over athletes (disability-based role expectations)
Social Model of Disability
UPIAS separates impairment (physical limitation regardless of society) and disability (social exclusion due to societal structures)
downsides to Social Model of Disability
-neglects impairment importance
-assumes all disabled are oppressed
-assumes 100% distinction between the 2 terms (grey area)
-utopian idea
Paralympic coverage in media
-male dominated
-sport hierarchy (wheelchair sports most popular)
-supercrip (automatically victimizing athlete)
Ideological State Apparatuses
preparation for working class to accept life of exploitation
Matriarchal theory
-sport/coaches are surrogates for absent-father families
-BUT most athletes suspicious of coaches and/or come from 2 parent families
Mandingo Theory
-large black slaves bred with large women in attempt to yield large child
-BUT slaveowners often raped slaves and/or most slaves chose own mates
Psychological Theory
-black people lack intellect/emotional control needed to be a sports leader (coach) but have strengths in physical labor (athlete)
-racialization makes it a self-fulfilling prophecy
Dumb Jock Theory
-black people get more education as athletes (college) but still can’t compare with non-athletes academically
-BUT student athletes only barely outperform non-athletes (idea that athleticism and intellectualism can’t coexist)
Genetic theory
-black people have more white twitch muscle (speed) where white people have more red twitch muscle (stamina) BUT what about distance runners from Kenya? (Bolt)
Contested Scientific Opinion
-St. louis said theories are based on one strand of scientific opinion
-idea that specific genes correspond to specific traits is unproven (just tabloid science)
-scientific ideas aren’t unbiased (racial ideas frame questions and studies)
Scientific racism
-Cashmore’s idea of encouraging black students to find success in athletics rather than academia (more success for them?)
Tom Molineaux
-slave boxer in 1900’s who won his freedom through contests
-idea that slaves being used to make money for slave owners can eventually become a tool for their liberation
Jack Johnson
first black heavyweight champ in 1908, disrupted ideas of white supremecy
Joe Louis & Jesse Owens
-first black sport heroes in white culture in the 1930’s
what did noteworthy black athletes do for other black people and white people?
-made black people believe sport could promote social mobility
-made white people believe ideas about “black athleticism”
Myth and dualism
-all dualisms have idea that one is better (civilized vs savage)
Lyle Thompson
-shown racism in lacrosse due to his “savage” long hair showing in a “civilized” sport
“playing indian”
-the origination of aboriginal mascots
-idea of imperial conquest and appropriation culture shows up in Hollywood media
indian superiority (lacrosse)
-assuming this rationalizes civilizing ideas, contributes to racialized misconceptions
ethnocentric distortion
-ex. Dr William Beers (white) seen as the father of lacrosse, completely erasing it’s indigenous origins
-indigenous players describes as wild/lazy where as white players seen as scientific and methodical
Shoni Schimmel
-famous women’s basketball player who showed the the Rez could be a place of community/inspiration rather than only poverty
Kyrie Irving
-supported Standing Rock
-shows that to claim indigenous identity the community must claim/accept you (you can’t just say you are native)
-aka”little mountain”
globalization
trade/tech making work more interdependent
(impossible to be for or against, as it is inevitable)
neoliberalism
-policies where market is thought to provide best solutions to not just economic, but social and political problems
-highlights narratives of individual responsibility where social problems are considered from personal character (if you’re poor you should’ve worked harder)
Robertson’s 3 Factors of Globalization
- Capitalism/neoliberalism: free trade
- Western Imperialism: IMF, World Bank, TNC’s
- Global Communications- media/internet
Treaty of Tordesillas
1494- pope was the one to mediate rivalries of spain/portugal, first conceptualization that world was for conquest
1400’s-1750’s of globalization
massive spread of catholicism
1500’s of globalization
colonialism begins (occupation of indigenous resources)
Washington conference
1920, made Greenwich axis of world trade (globe becomes interconnected in gov/commerce)
3 world system of the Cold War
- WESTERN BLOC- NATO (promote capitalism, contain socialism)
- EASTERN BLOC-USSR growing power & communism
- NEUTRAL countries
Americanization
-spread of American commericalism/culture to become dominant/normal ideas (Mcdonalds, Nike, Coke)
-thought to “homogenize/modernize” global cultures
Klein’s metaphor
baseball in Dominica was a sugar plantation (finding the best local resources, refining them, and dispatching them to America for US consumption)
cultural imperialism thesis
latin american’s dominated/overtaken by white culture/politics
Creolization/Glocalization
how people interpret global processes to suit their needs (cricket was invented by the British and valued white authority, but refashioned by Trobrian islanders into their own version)
New social movements
no longer exclusive to economic interests (environment, gender, racism), working for the collective good & to change what society values (ex. anti-apartheid in South Africa)
Global anti-golf movement
-started in Penang 1993 when golf was seen only as a status symbol, and had many controversial issues like pesticide use, privatization of space, harassment, water use, expropriation of indigenous land
Nike Transnational Advocacy Network
-collective protests about unfair working conditions of Nike employees overseas
-70s-80’s Nike used to be American, but eventually moved away due to less labor regulation in Asian countries (could exploit its workers easier)
Judo politics
using strength/popularity of the enemy (like Nike) to bring change
4 tactics used to protest Nike
- repertoires of contention (public grievances in media)
- disruption (strikes, protests)
- Violence (niketown trashed, controversial because violence isn’t the answer but was maybe needed to bring attention to the violence that was experienced by the workers?)
- Negotiations/compromise (minimal & Nike played the innocent card)
If you let me play campaign
Nike showed empowerment of female middle class in the west but ironic because their company was based on the disempowerment by Asian female Nike workers
Global North vs Global South
North= overdeveloped, south=underdeveloped
-activist often against WTO, IMF, etc because the North too often exploits the South
Hardt/Negri views on globalization of capitalism
when capitalism gets more global, it allows for more global critiques which can lead to greater global change/collaboration
Old model of power
-like a tree
-central core, power flowed only down, and communication was a need to know basis
Rhizome model (Hardt & Negri)
-no central core = multidirectional flow of power and open communication
(harder to shut down because you can’t just attack the central hub)
The Multitude
multiple competing interests that come together to eradicate capitalist exploitation
Critical mass
single cyclist can’t cross a busy street, but multiple together can stop traffic (shows the power of the people)
Reclaim the streets
movement made to take back streets from cars/commerce (bike lanes painted on roads etc)
