final study guide Flashcards
1
Q
ostracism is
A
being excluded by others
2
Q
roberts sternberg’s components of love
A
NOT CONSUMPTION
3
Q
who are we most likely to marry?
A
a person who lives works or studies within walking distance
4
Q
companionate love is?
A
is long lasting and deep
5
Q
when one feels as if she is investing more emotion into a relationship than her partner can be termed as…
A
perceived inequity
6
Q
2 factor theory of emotion holds that…
A
physical arousal accentuates romantic responses
7
Q
when a relationship is associated with positive physical things (like romantic restaurants / dates etc…)
A
reward theory of attraction
8
Q
matching phenomenon can be described as…
A
has the same level of physical attractiveness.
9
Q
when two supposed opposite people describe their partner as completing themselves can be described as…
A
complementarity
10
Q
sternberg’s love theory of consummate love
A
passion, intimacy, and commitment.
11
Q
couples who are absorbed in one another & gaze lovingly into eachothers eyes longingly / would be devastated without loved one could be described as
A
passionate love
12
Q
where similarity ________; dissimilarity _________
A
increases liking; decreases liking
13
Q
mere exposure effect
A
when a person eventually likes someone or something they have encountered repeatedly
14
Q
attachment research applied to adults show that
A
child rearing technique has a direct relation with how we deal with future relationships (secure best)
15
Q
Myers would most agree with
A
Birds of a feather flock together.
16
Q
reward theory of attraction
A
the theory that we like people who reward us or with whom we associate positive events.
17
Q
roughly what percentage of US infants display secure attachment?
A
70% but adults are 60% possible diffusion and degradation due to mixing of the attachment schemas
18
Q
attribution theory
A
attempts to explain the world to determine the cause of an event or behavior; why people do what they do.
behavior must be observed / determined to be intentional / attributed to internal or external causes
19
Q
belief perseverance
A
Beliefs or attitudes polarized even after opposing argument
20
Q
cognitive dissonance
A
Example smoking cigarettes even though cancer warning on label
21
Q
overjustification effect
A
Getting paid for doing what you already enjoy will sometimes cause your love for the task to wane because you attribute your motivation as coming from the reward, not your internal feelings.
22
Q
confirmation bias
A
a tendency to search for information that confirms one’s preconceptions.
23
Q
conformity
A
Listening to what is suggested
24
Q
deindivduation
A
Loss of self within social group; example rioting after sports event
25
groupthink and its 8 symptons
Series of "dissonance" responses
26
misinformation effect
(1) incorporating "misinformation" into one's memory of the event, after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it. (2) Witnessing an event, receiving misleading information about it, and then incorporating the "misinformation" into one's memory of the event.
27
obedience and Milgram's study
.
28
outgroup homogeneity effect
"they all look the same" mentality
| "them"-a group that people perceive as distinctively different from or apart from their ingroup.
29
persuasion (central V peripheral routes)
central; cognitive thinkers
| peripheral; relies on visual acceptance
30
slf fulfilling prophecy effect
the way you think will influence the way you view the outcome.
whether its positive or negative mindset the outcome (positive or negative) will be based off initial mindset stepping into situation
31
self serving bias
the tendency to perceive oneself favorably.
32
social comparison
evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself to others.
normative:
informational:
33
social facilitation
(1) original meaning-the tendency of people to perform simple or well-learned tasks better when others are present
(2) current meaning-strengthening of dominant (prevalent, likely) responses owing to the presence of others.
34
CIaldini's 6 principles of persuasion
the process by which a message induces change in beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors.
35
why do people conform? and what factors reduce conformity?
a change in behavior or belief as a result of real or imagined group pressure.
critical thought /
36
Asch line study
conformity best when verbal and in physically represented group setting, lowest when privat and written
37
What role does similarity play in helping behavior?
The more similar a person is to a potential helper, the more the potential helper will offer to help.
38
Because of the social responsibility norm, people are more likely to
give to charitable organizations, like the Red Cross, during times of crisis.
39
Making an ambiguous situation clear will ________________ helping behavior.
increase
40
What is moral exclusion?
the perception of certain individuals or groups as outside the boundary within which one applies moral values and rules of fairness. Moral inclusion is regarding others as within one's circle of moral concern.
41
When your campus has a blood drive, you might weigh the costs and the benefits before deciding to donate blood. This strategy would be predicted by
social exchange theory
42
______ is a motive to increase another's welfare without conscious regard for one's self-interests.
altruism
43
Which of the following people is most likely to receive help from bystanders?
Lyle, who broke his arm when he fell off his bicycle and yells to some joggers: "Please call my Mom. I hurt my arm."
44
the social-responsibility norm.
an expectation that people will help those dependent upon them.
45
the social exchange theory.
Your friend is the president of a club on campus, and she asks you to help her with the booth that her club is having for Club Rush. Before you say yes, you think about the costs of giving up your only afternoon off this week versus the benefits of helping out a friend. Your approach to weighing the pros and cons before offering your help is known as
I love
46
When people show a lack of inclusion in their circle of moral concern, this is referred to as
moral exclusion.
47
People are more likely to help another person if
They can relate / similar
If helper is in happier mood
48
The reciprocity norm is a(n)
expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.
49
According to evolutionary psychology
most altruism in human society reflects either a kin selection process or reciprocity.
50
The bystander effect predicts that a person is ______ to provide help when there are other bystanders.
less likely
51
Beth sees a homeless man on the side of the road on her way into work. She buys an extra sandwich at the deli when she is at lunch and gives it to the man on her way home from work. This is an example of _____________.
altruism
52
What is kin selection?
the idea that evolution has selected altruism toward one's close relatives to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes.
53
After I lend my neighbor a cup of milk, I feel comfortable asking her for some vanilla extract for a coconut cake I am baking. This is due to my ascribing to
reciprocity norm
54
Mindy volunteers at a center for homeless children and her brother Kirk volunteers at a hospice for people dying of AIDS. They are demonstrating which principle of prosocial behavior?
social responsibility theory
55
One reason for the occurrence of the bystander effect is
a diffusion of responsibility.
56
Your child's school asks you if you can volunteer in your child's classroom every Friday for the remainder of the school year. You balk at this outrageous amount of volunteer time and the amount of time that it would take away from your work. Then, the school asks if you could give up one hour to volunteer to read to the children this Friday afternoon. Compared to the earlier request, this seems extremely reasonable, and you agree. Which technique has the school used?
D
door in the face
57
Kelly complains that Tommy never shares anything truly personal about himself. She thinks he shows
lack of self disclosure
58
Umberto feels intense, exciting emotions for Elena. Elena has great affection for Umberto and sees their lives as deeply intertwined with each other. Umberto's love would be called __________; Elena's love would be called __________.
passionate; companionate
59
Tragedy of the commons
Overpopulation and scarce resources
60
insufficient justification effect
reduction of dissonance by internally justifying one's behavior when external justification is "insufficient."
61
4 C's of peacemaking
contact; predicts tolerance, the more the better in regards of easing racial tensions etc...
cooperation; promoting positive communication between the newly desegregated groups
communication; compromising to maintain peaceful relations with bargaining / mediation / arbitration
conciliation; when tension and suspicion run so high that even communication / resolution is impossible
62
what is GRIT and how does it work
.
62
Fundamental attribution error
Exaggerating dispositional aspect, whilst undermining situational perspective
63
Mirror image
.
64
Dispositional attributions
.
66
Situational dispositions
.
67
In Muzafer Sherif's Robber's Cave experiment, _______________ led to cooperation.
.
68
What do self-serving biases, group polarization, and negative stereotypes have in common?
.
69
Ahmed and Fatima, two teenage siblings, are fighting over the evening newspaper. Knowing Ahmed only wants the sports section and Fatima only wants the latest stock quotations, their mother takes the paper and gives each the section containing their news of interest. In this case the mother arrived at a(n) _________.
integrative agreement.
70
______ means giving in, or conceding something to the other side.
Conciliation
71
Resolving social dilemmas can be accomplished through.
cooperating for mutual betterment
72
Research on misperceptions and war has shown which one of three of the following misperceptions was a common feature in ten wars of the last century?
underestimating the strength of ones enemy
73
Compared to individualistic Americans, people socialized in collectivistic cultures such as China and India define justice
more as a need of fulfillment
74
GRIT attempts to reduce conflict between groups by
Tension reduction
75
A win-win agreement that reconciles both parties' interests to their mutual benefit is known as
integrative agreement
76
What are the different levels in which social conflict can occur?
international, intergroup, interpersonal
77
Which of the following is not one of the forces that can transform hostility into harmony?
condemnation
78
In arbitration, an arbitrator ________________ a settlement between the two parties.
imposes
79
What is the term used to describe the perception of behavior or goals that are not compatible between two parties?
conflict
80
the jigsaw technique is
designed to elicit group cooperation
81
conciliation means
giving in, or conceding something to the other side
82
a superordinate goal?
people who live together working towards a goal to benefit them all
83
Both sides believing "we are moral, good, and right, and they are evil" is an example of a
mirror image perception
84
Lori heard a rumor that Tina said something bad about her, so she cut Tina off. As a result, Tina did say something bad about Lori, This shows
how mirror image perceptions become self fulfilling
85
In Muzafer Sherif's Robber's Cave experiment, _______________ led to cooperation.
the formation of superordinate goals
86
Which of the following is not a way to decrease social dilemmas?
keeping groups large
87
A _______________ is a situation in which the conflicting parties, by each rationally pursuing their self-interest, become caught in mutually destructive behavior.
social trap
88
What is one factor that creates conflict?
compettion
89
When fishermen over-fish, despite knowing that they are depleting that particular population of fish, it could be described as
tragedy of the commons
90
Two suspects are arrested for allegedly committing a crime. The police tell them that if one confesses, the confessor will be set free and the other one will be convicted of the crime. The suspects are confronted with
the prisoners dilemma
91
What do self-serving biases, group polarization, and negative stereotypes have in common?
increases likelihood of conflict
92
What is a social trap?
a situation in which a group of people act to obtain short-term individual gains, which in the long run leads to a loss for the group as a whole.
93
You are one of two candidates being interviewed for a position as superintendent of the city school system. You are notified that one candidate will be interviewed tomorrow evening and the other a week later. The school board will make a decision immediately after the second candidate has been interviewed. If you want the job
?
94
The presence of others is likely to lead to better performance in _____________ and to worse performance in ______________.
Well learned tasks / new complex tasks
95
The realistic group conflict theory suggests that prejudice arises
From competition of natural resources
96
It is near consensus among social psychologists today that the catharsis hypothesis of aggressive expression
?
97
Joseph was on the subway, when he noticed a man lying slumped over on the seat. Joseph looked around at the other passengers, who seemed calm and unconcerned. Joseph concluded that the man was probably okay. However, the other passengers may have been looking around at Joseph to see how he reacted. This would be an example of
?
98
According to some theorists, which of the following forms of love is based on mutual respect, trust and commitment, and often characterizes the later stages of romantic relationships?
?
