david myers own final study guide

Question 1

One of the central ideas of social psychology is

Answer 1

attitudes shape behavior and behavior shapes attitudes.

Question 2

Given that social thinking, social influence, and social relations are among the “big ideas” that are important in social psychology, what in particular is noteworthy about the concept of social relations?

Answer 2

social behavior is also bioloogical behavior

Question 3

One reason you may not study so hard for your first test in this class is because

Answer 3

social psychology seems obvious because of the hindsight bias.

Question 4

Who is most likely to ask “How do brain, mind, and behavior function together as one coordinated system?”

Answer 4

social neuroscientist

Question 5

An idea such as “a child’s gender development is directly related to his/her cognitive development” could be called

Answer 5

theory

Question 6

A researcher, interested in whether the mere presence of others affects individual behavior, designs a study in which individuals are asked to make a speech to either an empty room or a room with five people in it. This type of study is best described as __________.

Answer 6

laboratory experiment

Question 7

An investigator, who wishes to study the attitudes of people in Illinois, identifies 1,000 people in Illinois, taking care that the percentages of male and female, young and old, education level, and occupation are the same in the sample as in the state’s total population. What kind of sample is the investigator trying to obtain?

Answer 7

representative sample

Question 8

I ask you to describe who you are and you tell me your sex, age, political preference, personality traits, and other information you think is relevant. You are describing your

Answer 8

self concept

Question 9

Ed believes that his wife knows how he feels and what he is thinking just by looking at him. Social psychologists call this erroneous belief

Answer 9

the illusion of transparency

Question 10

Victor walks into the room at a party, and everyone stares. He is devastatingly handsome. All the other guys feel bad. One reason could be due to

Answer 10

social comparison effects

Question 11

A person from a collectivist culture would most likely value

Answer 11

harmonious relationships

Question 12

Bruce tells his girlfriend “If you don’t tell me I’m the most good-looking guy you’ve ever gone out with, the best dresser, the best dancer, the smartest, and have the nicest car, I’ll have to break up with you.” This reflects Bruce’s

Answer 12

narcissism

Question 13

Sometimes, when a person has repeat failure experiences in several different areas of their life, they feel overwhelmed with problems, and they feel hopeless to solve their problems, they lose motivation to better themselves. This has been described as

Answer 13

learned helplessness

Question 14

People who act like “social chameleons”—those who seem to change behavior and attitudes to fit every situation they’re in—are generally considered

Answer 14

high self monitors

Question 15

Your friend just took a new job. She meets you for drinks after her first week on the job and complains about her boss. This surprises you, because you’ve never heard her complain about a boss before, and she rarely complains in general. According to Harold Kelley’s model, this information helps explain her behavior because her boss is

Answer 15

distinctive

Question 16

Which action is most likely to bring about an event?

Answer 16

expecting events

Question 17

Research has shown that subjects who were presented with aging-related words on a sentence completion task were later observed walking to an elevator slower than subjects who were not presented with aging-related words. This demonstrates

Answer 17

priming

Question 18

If you showed identical research to proponents and opponents of capital punishment, what outcome would you expect to see?

Answer 18

each side would become polarized

Question 19

After the movie Jaws came out, and again in the early 1990s after “Summer of the Shark,” many people were afraid to go in the ocean. This is due to

Answer 19

the availability heuristic

Question 20

“It always rains after I wash the car.” This statement is an example of

Answer 20

illusory correlation

Question 21

Research by Allan Wicker (1969) found that

Answer 21

expressed attitudes hardly ever predict behvior

Question 22

An important lesson of role-playing studies is that

Answer 22

what is unreal can evolve into what is real

Question 23

When our behavior is out of sync with our attitudes, it is called

Answer 23

cognitive dissonance

Question 24

Self-presentation theory argues that people will adopt attitudes consistent with behaviors in order to

Answer 24

create good impressions

Question 25

A teenager is out with her friends at the mall. Although she doesn't believe in shoplifting, when they all take earrings and put them in their pockets, she does as well. As a result, she will most likely experience

Answer 25

cognitive dissonance

Question 26

If poll takers standing outside election voting centers survey entering voters on which candidate they prefer, and then ask exiting voters who they voted for, there would be a high correlation between initial preference and actual vote. In this specific example, this is because

Answer 26

when an attitude is strong its a good predictor of behavior

Question 27

social conflict does not include

Answer 27

cooperation

Question 28

The adaptive change in frequency of specific genes over generations is

Answer 28

natural selection

Question 29

Which field of psychology uses the principle of natural selection?

Answer 29

evolutionary

Question 30

Which of the following is not an element of persuasion?

Answer 30

the physical location

Question 31

The best known universal taboo is the taboo against

Answer 31

incest

Question 32

Which of the following is not characteristic of females?

Answer 32

being more likely to commit suicide than men

Question 33

Based on the research, we would expect to see a higher rate of teen pregnancy when

Answer 33

men are scarce

Question 34

One criticism of evolutionary psychology's speculation about sex and gender is that

Answer 34

it suffers from hindsight bias

Question 35

A change in behavior or belief that results from real or imagined group pressure is referred to by social psychologists as

Answer 35

conformity

Question 36

After Marilyn Monroe's suicide, there were 200 more suicides in the United States than was typical. This was due to the suspected effects of

Answer 36

mass suggestibility

Question 37

How did the obedience observed in Milgram's study differ from the conformity observed in Asch's study?

Answer 37

there was an expressed command in milgrams study but not in asch's

Question 38

Which lesson about evil do we learn from Milgram's research?

Answer 38

social forces can induce ordinary people to engage in civil acts

Question 39

Concern for social image involves __________ influence; the desire to be correct involves __________ influence.

Answer 39

normative / informational

Question 40

Shelley's mother insists that Shelly come directly home after school. Instead, in an effort to protect her sense of freedom, Shelley goes to the mall with her friends after school, demonstrating what social psychologists call

Answer 40

reactance

Question 41

persuasion is

Answer 41

the process by which a message induces attitude change.

Question 42

Which of the following is more likely to produce change?

Answer 42

central route to persuasion

Question 43

Carl's relative died of lung cancer and emphysema. He is now thoroughly against smoking because of the strong emotional component of his attitude. What type of anti-smoking message is he more likely to be persuaded by?

Answer 43

emotional appeal

Question 44

Persuasion __________ as the significance and familiarity of the issue __________.

Answer 44

decreases / increases

Question 45

Regarding persuasion research on personal influence and media influence, which type of influence is most effective?

Answer 45

face to face contact

Question 46

credibility is

Answer 46

perceived expertise and trustworthiness

Question 47

The best way to build resistance to brain washing by religious cults is

Answer 47

teaching children about cults and helping them prepare counter persuasive appeals.

Question 48

Social facilitation is the tendency for the presence of others

Answer 48

strengthen dominant responses

Question 49

According to Zajonc, the dominant response

Answer 49

should boost performance on easy tasks and hurt performance on difficult tasks.

Question 50

When you perform a task in front of others who are blindfolded, social facilitation effects are void. This finding supports which theory of social facilitation?

Answer 50

evaluation apprehension

Question 51

Ben, a quiet young man, went to a heavy metal rock concert. The large crowd began to scream and stomp their feet when the musicians came on stage. Ben joined in as he lost his sense of awareness. This is an example of

Answer 51

deindivudation

Question 52

Can social loafing be reduced?

Answer 52

yes, make the work identifiable

Question 53

The phenomenon of risky shift is the finding

Answer 53

that group decisions often encourage riskier actions than individual decisions.

Question 54

The symptoms of groupthink are

Answer 54

a collective form of dissonance reduction.

Question 55

According to Jussim, McCauley, and Lee (1995), stereotypes

Answer 55

may be positive or negative and may be accurate or inaccurate.

Question 56

Stereotypes are to __________ as prejudices are to __________.

Answer 56

beliefs / attitudes

Question 57

Which of the following is a negative attitude?

Answer 57

prejudice

Question 58

Researchers have found that gender stereotypes

Answer 58

have remained consistent over time and culture.

Question 59

Realistic conflict theory holds that

Answer 59

competition between groups for scarce resources leads to prejudice.

Question 60

Whereas the __________ theory of prejudice is based on competition for resources, __________ is based on a need to see one's group as "better."

Answer 60

realistic conflict; social identity theory

Question 61

Research suggests that when we spontaneously categorize people, we do so in terms of our

Answer 61

race

Question 62

When misfortunes befall a person, others sometimes think the victim of circumstances deserved what happened. One reason put forth to explain why someone would think like that has been called

Answer 62

just world hypothesis

Question 63

Because you dislike one of your coworkers, you lie and tell others you overheard her saying how she disliked everyone at the office. This would be an example of what kind of aggression?

Answer 63

hostile

Question 64

A man leaves a bomb on a bus to kill innocent victims in order to persuade a government to yield to his demands. This would be an example of what kind of aggression?

Answer 64

instrumental

Question 65

theories of aggression

Answer 65

include the idea that there are biological roots to aggression.

Question 66

What factor does not predict conformity?

Answer 66

reactance

Question 67

When we are stuck in traffic or behind slow people in line at a store, sometimes we feel like we are going to snap. One possible reason for this is because

Answer 67

frustration can facilitate aggression

Question 68

Frustration arises from the gap between __________ and __________.

Answer 68

learning / behavior

Question 69

Research in the laboratory and in real life suggests that pain, personal attacks, and overcrowding are __________ experiences that __________ the likelihood aggression.

Answer 69

aversive / increase

Question 70

Research by Berkowitz showed that

Answer 70

viewing a weapon served as a cue for aggressive behavior

Question 71

According to George Gerbner (1979, 1994), television's most potent effect is

Answer 71

altering perceptions of the real world.

Question 72

Because Tony was ostracized by his peers, we would expect him to

Answer 72

engage in self-defeating behaviors.

Question 73

What factor does not enable close relationships?

Answer 73

detachment

Question 74

If Andrea wants to reduce her children's aggressive behaviors, she should do all of the following EXCEPT

Answer 74

encourage them to vent their anger.

Question 75

Which statement is most accurate?

Answer 75

birds of a feather flock together

Question 76

Roughly what percent of infants display a secure attachment?

Answer 76

70%

Question 77

Whereas similarity __________; dissimilarity __________.

Answer 77

increases liking / decreases liking

Question 78

When romantic restaurants, dates out, nice dinners at home, and vacations continue in a relationship, couples last longer and are happier because they associate the relationship with positive things. This is best explained by

Answer 78

reward theory of attraction

Question 79

Umberto feels intense, exciting emotions for Elena. Elena has great affection for Umberto and sees their lives as deeply intertwined with each other. Umberto's love would be called __________; Elena's love would be called __________.

Answer 79

passionate / companionate

Question 80

According to equity theory, which couple would be most satisfied with their relationship?

Answer 80

Jonathan and Ruthie, because both believe they are getting as much as they are giving.

Question 81

When your campus has a blood drive, you might weigh the costs and the benefits before deciding to donate blood. This strategy would be predicted by

Answer 81

the social exchange theory

Question 82

According to B.F. Skinner, we credit people for good deeds only when we can't explain them. We attribute behavior to __________ only when we lack __________.

Answer 82

their inner dispositions; external explanations.

Question 83

After I lend my neighbor a cup of milk, I feel comfortable asking her for some vanilla extract for a coconut cake I am baking. This is due to my ascribing to

Answer 83

reciprocity norm

Question 84

Mindy volunteers at a center for homeless children and her brother Kirk volunteers at a hospice for people dying of AIDS. They are demonstrating which principle of prosocial behavior?

Answer 84

social responsibility norm

Question 85

Kin selection is to evolutionary theory, as reward is to __________.

Answer 85

social exchange theory

Question 86

One reason for the occurrence of bystander apathy is

Answer 86

a diffusion of responsibility

Question 87

Two suspects are arrested for allegedly committing a bank robbery. The police tell them that if one confesses, the confessor will be set free and the other will be convicted of the crime. The suspects are confronted with

Answer 87

prisoners dilemma

Question 88

People overfishing when they know the fish might be depleted is

Answer 88

tragedy of the commons

Question 89

What allowed the two groups in Muzafer Sherif's Robber's Cave study to finally get along?

Answer 89

the formation of superordinate goals

Question 90

You hear a rumor that a coworker has said something about you, so you snub them. As a result, your coworker does say something bad about you. This example shows

Answer 90

self confirming perceptions

Question 91

Bicultural individuals identify with both their own ethnic identity and mainstream culture. Research suggests that these people typically

Answer 91

have a strongly positive self concept

Question 92

In a classic study, Rosenhan, et al. had confederates check into a mental hospital and report hearing voices. All other information presented to the administrator and doctor was accurate and no other symptoms were reported. The study reported that

Answer 92

most were diagnosed as schizophrenic and remained hospitalized for 2 to 3 weeks.

Question 93

Professor Snowden is teaching a graduate seminar in the clinical interview. He would be most correct if he informed his students that

Answer 93

statistical prediction is highly superior to intuitive prediction.

Question 94

Who is likely to have the most accurate perception in estimating their degree of control?

Answer 94

amanda who is slightly depressed

Question 95

Witnesses who tend to be more accurate often

Answer 95

have a poor memory for trivial details

Question 96

The misinformation effect is in part due to

Answer 96

suggestive questions

Question 97

The cognitive interview procedure includes

Answer 97

guiding the eyewitness to reconstruct the setting.

Question 98

Research on capital punishment finds that

Answer 98

death qualified jurors comprise a biased sample.

Question 99

In poor countries __________, but in wealthy countries __________.

Answer 99

money predicts happiness; the correlation diminishes.

Question 100

Social psychologists suggest that all of the following strategies enhance life quality EXCEPT

Answer 100

financial well being