Final Study Guide

Question 1

What is the structure of an Amino Acid

Answer 1

1. Amino Group
2. Side Chain
3. Carboxyl Group
4. H
   * Center Carbon

Question 2

Non-polar amino acids

Answer 2

Have no polarity
Have a neutral charge
No charge on the R group

Question 3

_________ amino acids are generally produced by human body in regulatory quantities but the requirement goes up in certain situations

Answer 3

Conditionally

Question 4

9 Essential Amino Acids

Answer 4

Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Valine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan

Question 5

Types of Protein Structures

Answer 5

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

Question 6

Why do we look at Nitrogen status in the human body

Answer 6

Protein is the only macronutrient with nitrogen (so it is used to determine how much protein is in the body)

Question 7

Limiting Amino Acid

Answer 7

Essential amino acid in a food protein that is in the lowest amount relative to need

Question 8

Complementary Proteins (example)

Answer 8

Two or more incomplete protein sources when combined compensate for each others lack of amino acids

(Ex. rice and beans)

Question 9

PDCAAS

Answer 9

Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score

Question 10

PER

Answer 10

Protein Efficiency Ratio

Question 11

PEM

Answer 11

Protein Energy Malnutrition

Question 12

NPR

Answer 12

Net Protein Utilization

Question 13

BV

Answer 13

Biological Value

Question 14

Two major types of protein deficiencies

Answer 14

Kwashiorkor
Marasmus

Question 15

Kwashiorkor

Answer 15

Insufficient protein intake

Question 16

The three metabolic circumstances in which amino acids undergo oxidative degradation

Answer 16

1. During normal synthesis & degradation of cellular proteins
2. Starvation (uncontrolled diabetes mellitus)
3. Diet rich in protein (exceeds the body’s need for protein synthesis)

Question 16

Marasmus

Answer 16

Insufficient protein and energy intake

Question 17

Ketogenic vs Glucogenic
(amino acid )

Answer 17

Ketogenic: Amino acid –> Acetyl CoA (Processor of ketone bodies)

Glucogenic: Amino acid –> Glucose ketogenic unable to convert to glucose

Question 18

Transamination

Answer 18

• interconverts pairs of alpha-amino acids & alpha-keto acids

Amino group of an amino acid is transferred to a keto acid
(Producing new keto and amino acid)

Question 19

Deamination

Answer 19

Elimination of amino group from amino acid with ammonia formation

Question 19

Formation of Urea

Answer 19

the nitrogenous end product of the metabolic breakdown of proteins

Question 20

Why do humans excrete nitrogen in the form of ammonia instead urea

Answer 20

Because ammonia can be converted to urea and then excreted out of the body

(Urea is less toxic than ammonia)

Question 21

Hyperornithemia (HHH) syndrome

Answer 21

Ornithine transporter is not working/made and there is a build-up of ornithine