Final Study Guide Flashcards
What is the structure of an Amino Acid
- Amino Group
- Side Chain
- Carboxyl Group
- H
* Center Carbon
Non-polar amino acids
Have no polarity
Have a neutral charge
No charge on the R group
_________ amino acids are generally produced by human body in regulatory quantities but the requirement goes up in certain situations
Conditionally
9 Essential Amino Acids
Histidine
Isoleucine
Leucine
Lysine
Methionine
Valine
Phenylalanine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Types of Protein Structures
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
Why do we look at Nitrogen status in the human body
Protein is the only macronutrient with nitrogen (so it is used to determine how much protein is in the body)
Limiting Amino Acid
Essential amino acid in a food protein that is in the lowest amount relative to need
Complementary Proteins (example)
Two or more incomplete protein sources when combined compensate for each others lack of amino acids
(Ex. rice and beans)
PDCAAS
Protein Digestibility Corrected Amino Acid Score
PER
Protein Efficiency Ratio
PEM
Protein Energy Malnutrition
NPR
Net Protein Utilization
BV
Biological Value
Two major types of protein deficiencies
Kwashiorkor
Marasmus
Kwashiorkor
Insufficient protein intake
The three metabolic circumstances in which amino acids undergo oxidative degradation
- During normal synthesis & degradation of cellular proteins
- Starvation (uncontrolled diabetes mellitus)
- Diet rich in protein (exceeds the body’s need for protein synthesis)
Marasmus
Insufficient protein and energy intake
Ketogenic vs Glucogenic
(amino acid )
Ketogenic: Amino acid –> Acetyl CoA (Processor of ketone bodies)
Glucogenic: Amino acid –> Glucose ketogenic unable to convert to glucose
Transamination
- interconverts pairs of alpha-amino acids & alpha-keto acids
Amino group of an amino acid is transferred to a keto acid
(Producing new keto and amino acid)
Deamination
Elimination of amino group from amino acid with ammonia formation
Formation of Urea
the nitrogenous end product of the metabolic breakdown of proteins
Why do humans excrete nitrogen in the form of ammonia instead urea
Because ammonia can be converted to urea and then excreted out of the body
(Urea is less toxic than ammonia)
Hyperornithemia (HHH) syndrome
Ornithine transporter is not working/made and there is a build-up of ornithine
