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Nutrition & Metabolism > Chap 4: Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Chap 4: Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Digestion

A

a process by which large complex organic molecules of food are disintegrated into small absorbable forms

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2
Q

Enzymes break the (in polysaccharides)

A

a (1-4) glycosidic bonds in polysaccharides

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3
Q

Humans lack the enzymes that break

A

B (1-4) and a (1-6) glycosidic bonds present in cellulose/branched amylopectin and glycogen

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4
Q

GLUT (Glucose Transporters) (carriers)

A

responsible for the absorption of most of the products of digestion

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5
Q

Na+ independent GLUT

A

GLUT (1-4)

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6
Q

GLUT - 1

A

Erythrocytes and blood-brain barrier

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7
Q

GLUT - 2

A

liver, kidney and B-cells of pancreas

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8
Q

GLUT - 3

A

Neurons

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9
Q

GLUT - 4

A

Adipose tissue

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10
Q

GLUT -1, GLUT -3, GLUT - 4 involved

A

uptake of glucose from blood

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11
Q

GLUT - 2 transport

A

glucose into or out of cells

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12
Q

GLUT 5 uptake

A

of fructose in small intestines and testes

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13
Q

Cellular respiration

A

ATP molecules into ADP molecules thus cells must continually convert ADP molecules back into ATP molecules

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14
Q

Cytosol

A

the fluid (and suspended molecules of salts, sugars, amino acids, enzymes, etc) around the organelles

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15
Q

Cytoplasm

A

the cytosol plus the organelles suspended within it (i.e. everything EXCEPT the nucleus)
(Cytosol + Organelles)

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16
Q

Cell =

A

Plasma membrane + Cytoplasm + Nucleus

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17
Q

Advantages of Aerobic Respiration

A
  • Major advan. —> more energy released
  • Enough energy to produce up to 38 ATP
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18
Q

Advantages of Anaerobic Respiration

A
  • Lets organisms live in places where there is little or no oxygen
  • Quickly produces ATP
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19
Q

What stage of cellular respiration evolved before the others

A

Glycolysis

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20
Q

No oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere when

A

3.5 to 4 billion years ago

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21
Q

Without oxygen

A

anaerobic respiration

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22
Q

2 or 3 b. y. a. oxygen was gradually added to the atmosphere by

A

Early photosynthetic bacteria;
“oxygen catastrophe” —> aerobic organisms

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23
Q

Breathing Respiration

A

physical process that allows animals/humans to come into contact with gases in the air

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24
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

chemical process that releases energy from organic compounds (food), gradually converting it into energy that is stored in ATP molecules

25
Q

Relationship between cellular respiration and photosynthesis

A

C.R. : 6O2 + C6H12O6
\/
/\
Photos. : 6CO2 + 6H2O

26
Q

Photosynthesis (difference (2))

A
  • Takes place in a chloroplast
  • Light energy from the sun changes to chemical energy in glucose
27
Q

Cellular respiration (difference (2))

A
  • Takes place in mitochondria
  • Chemical energy in glucose changes to chemical energy in ATP
28
Q

1st pathway –> _______(releases only small amount of energy)

A

glycolysis
(2 net ATP)

29
Q

(Glycolysis) If oxygen is present

A

It will lead to 2 other pathways that release a lot of energy
Kerbs Cycle & Electron Transport Chain

30
Q

(Glycolysis) If oxygen is absent

A

2 other pathways
Alcoholic Fermentation or Lactic Acid Fermentation

31
Q

All three combined make up cellular respiration

A

Glycolysis + Krebs Cycle + Electron Transport Chain

32
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate
(Main energy currency of cells)

32
Q

ATP

A

Adenosine Triphosphate
(Main energy currency of cells)

33
Q

ADP
AMP

A

Adenosine Diphosphate
Adenosine Monophosphate

34
Q

ATP + H2O <–>

A

ADP + Pi + Energy

35
Q

NAD+

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
(Abundant cofactor that participates in multiple aspects of cellular metabolism)

36
Q

NAD+ vs NADP

A

NAD+ : Involved in cellular respiration/ anabolic
NADP : Involved in photosynthesis/ catabolic

37
Q

FAD+

A
  • Flavin adenine dinucleotide
    • Riboflavin
    • Donate electrons to electron transport chain
38
Q

GTP

A
  • Guanosine triphosphate
    • Used to carry energy
    • Signaling molecules
39
Q

Glycolysis Process

A

10 reactions
Converts glucose to pyruvate

40
Q

Glycolysis -
Produce :
Consumes :
Net Yield :

A

Produces: 4 ATP and 2 NADH
Consumes: 2 ATP
Net Yield: 2 ATP and 2 NADH

41
Q

Glycolysis (alone) does not require

A

Oxygen

42
Q

Glycolysis (stages)

A

*Glucose (+ATP)
Glucose-6-phosphate (6 Carbon)
*2( Glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate (3 Carbon))
*Pyruvate

43
Q

To much ATP from glycolysis can cause (problems)

A

1) the cell’s available NAD+ molecules become filled up with electrons
2) glycolysis shuts down, cannot proceed without available NAD+ molecules
3) ATP production stops

44
Q

** -ose
***-ase

A

**(sugar)
***(enzymes)

45
Q

End of glycolysis —>

A

90% of chemical energy from glucose still unused
(locked in pyruvic acid)

46
Q

Krebs and Electron Transport require

A

Oxygen
Aerobic Processes

47
Q

2nd Stage of Cellular Respiration
British biochemist 1937
1st compound formed is Citric Acid

A

The Kerbs Cycle

48
Q

2 Turns & 2 Pyruvic Acid (from glycolysis) yield

A

10 NADH (2 from glycolysis) (2 from glycolysis)
2 FADH2
4 ATP (2 from glycolysis)
Then cycle starts anew

49
Q

**isomerization

A

Changes form/structure

50
Q

When carbon comes out forms CO2

A

NAD+ comes and forms NADH

51
Q

*NADH Dehydrogenase

A

removing hydrogen enzyme

52
Q

Electron Transport Chain is embedded

A

In mitochondrial inner membrane

53
Q

Electron Transport Chain (FADH & NADH)

A

Energy is used to pump protons (H+) across the membrane from the matrix to the inner membrane space

54
Q

ATP synthase is a membrane-bound enzyme that uses

A

the energy of the proton gradient to synthesis ATP from ADP + Pi

55
Q

Acetyl-CoA added to

A

4 carbon compound = Citric Acid (6-C)

56
Q

NADH + H+ and FADH2 (from glycolysis and Krebs cycle)

A

deliver hydrogen atoms

57
Q

Released energy harnessed

A

ATP by oxidative phosphorylation

58
Q

1 NADH –>
1 FADH2 –>

A

3 ATP
2 ATP

Nutrition & Metabolism (8 decks)

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