Final Study Deck

Question 1

The young science of psychology developed from the more established fields of
philosophy and

Answer 1

biology

Question 2

Correlation is a measure of the extent to which two factors

Answer 2

vary together

Question 3

Which major force in psychology emphasized unconscious thought processes?

Answer 3

Freudian psychology

Question 4

A theory is an organized set of principles that __observations and __ events.

Answer 4

Organizes

Predicts

Question 5

Correlational research is most useful for purposes of

Answer 5

prediction

Question 6

In an experimental study, men with erectile dysfunction received either Viagra or a
placebo. In this study, the drug dosage (none versus peak dose) was the

Answer 6

independent variable

Question 7

Which of the following methods is most helpful for clarifying cause-effect relationships?

Answer 7

The experiment

Question 8

If participants in the experimental group of a drug treatment study are much younger
than participants in the control group, the age of the research participants is a(n)

Answer 8

confounding variable

Question 9

Discerning the unstated assumptions and values that underlie conclusions best illustrates__ which is an important learning tool.

Answer 9

critical thinking

Question 10

Suppose that people who watch a lot of violence on TV are also particularly likely behave aggressively. This relationship would NOT necessarily indicate that watching violence influences aggressive behavior because

Answer 10

association does not prove causation

Question 11

Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?

Answer 11

Behavioral

Question 12

Our tendency to believe we know more than we do illustrates

Answer 12

Overconfidence

Question 13

Three key attitudes of scientific inquiry are

Answer 13

curiosity, skepticism, and humility

Question 14

In an experimental study of the effects of anxiety on self-esteem, anxiety would be the __variable.

Answer 14

Independent

Question 15

Contemporary psychology is best defined as A science of

Answer 15

behavior and mental processes

Question 16

The enduring traditions, anitudes, ideas, values, and behavior shared by a group of people constitutes their

Answer 16

Culture

Question 17

In a psychological experiment, the factor that may be influenced by the manipulated experimental treatment is called the _ variable.

Answer 17

dependent

Question 18

The nature-nurture issue refers to the debate over the relative contributions that __make to the development of psychology traits.

Answer 18

Genes and experience

Question 19

A testable prediction that is often implied by a theory is called a(n)

Answer 19

Hypothesis

Question 20

A questioning attitude regarding psychologists’ assumptions and hidden values best
illustrates

Answer 20

critical thinking

Question 21

Recognizing that one of your friends is feeling angry and that another friend is feeling sad llustrates an ability known as:

Answer 21

theory of mind

Question 22

The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called

Answer 22

spontaneous recovery

Question 23

Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of

Answer 23

shaping

Question 24

The acquisition of mental information by observing events, by watching others, or through:

Answer 24

Cognitive learning

Question 25

A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)

Answer 25

specified time period has elapsed

Question 26

Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)

Answer 26

negative reinforcer

Question 27

Any stimulus that when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n):

Answer 27

positive reinforcer

Question 28

Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by

Answer 28

intermittent conditioned

Question 29

We are most likely to imitate the behavior of models if we observe that their actions are

Answer 29

followed by reinforcement

Question 30

Your heart may race when you are confronted by a lion but not when you are approached by akitten. This best illustrates the adaptive value of:

Answer 30

discrimination

Question 31

Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears

Answer 31

may be produced through classical conditioning

Question 32

Children of abusive parents often team to be aggressive by imitating their parents. This illustrates the importance of:

Answer 32

observational learning

Question 33

Conditioning is the process of:

Answer 33

learning associations

Question 34

A young child who is spanked after running into the street learns not to repeat this behavior. In this case, the spanking is:

Answer 34

Positive punishment.

Question 35

In classical conditioning the NS becomes a________ after it reliably signals the impending occurrences of the __________.

Answer 35

CS; US

Question 36

In which form of learning is behavior influenced by its consequences?

Answer 36

operant conditioning

Question 37

Mirror neurons are believed by some scientists to provide a biological basis for:

Answer 37

observational learning

Question 38

An event that strengthens the behavior it follows is a(n)

Answer 38

reinforcement.

Question 39

A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that occurs after an unpredictable period of time is a _______ schedule.

Answer 39

variable-interval

Question 40

Jordan is frightened by the sound of a train whistle. The sound is a(n)

Answer 40

stimulus

Question 41

Psychologists define learning as the process of:

Answer 41

acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors

Question 42

In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is called a(n):

Answer 42

neutral stimulus.

Question 43

A child's learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n)

Answer 43

conditioned response.

Question 44

Dogs conditioned to salivate to stimulation of the thigh also begin to salivate when stimulated on other body parts. This best illustrates:

Answer 44

generalization

Question 45

Giving a hungry rat food for pressing a bar before the rat has a chance to engage in other incidental behaviors like running or scratching best illustrates:

Answer 45

immediate reinforcement