Final Study Deck Flashcards
The young science of psychology developed from the more established fields of
philosophy and
biology
Correlation is a measure of the extent to which two factors
vary together
Which major force in psychology emphasized unconscious thought processes?
Freudian psychology
A theory is an organized set of principles that __observations and __ events.
Organizes
Predicts
Correlational research is most useful for purposes of
prediction
In an experimental study, men with erectile dysfunction received either Viagra or a
placebo. In this study, the drug dosage (none versus peak dose) was the
independent variable
Which of the following methods is most helpful for clarifying cause-effect relationships?
The experiment
If participants in the experimental group of a drug treatment study are much younger
than participants in the control group, the age of the research participants is a(n)
confounding variable
Discerning the unstated assumptions and values that underlie conclusions best illustrates__ which is an important learning tool.
critical thinking
Suppose that people who watch a lot of violence on TV are also particularly likely behave aggressively. This relationship would NOT necessarily indicate that watching violence influences aggressive behavior because
association does not prove causation
Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?
Behavioral
Our tendency to believe we know more than we do illustrates
Overconfidence
Three key attitudes of scientific inquiry are
curiosity, skepticism, and humility
In an experimental study of the effects of anxiety on self-esteem, anxiety would be the __variable.
Independent
Contemporary psychology is best defined as A science of
behavior and mental processes
The enduring traditions, anitudes, ideas, values, and behavior shared by a group of people constitutes their
Culture
In a psychological experiment, the factor that may be influenced by the manipulated experimental treatment is called the _ variable.
dependent
The nature-nurture issue refers to the debate over the relative contributions that __make to the development of psychology traits.
Genes and experience
A testable prediction that is often implied by a theory is called a(n)
Hypothesis
A questioning attitude regarding psychologists’ assumptions and hidden values best
illustrates
critical thinking
Recognizing that one of your friends is feeling angry and that another friend is feeling sad llustrates an ability known as:
theory of mind
The reappearance, after a time lapse, of an extinguished CR is called
spontaneous recovery
Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of
shaping
The acquisition of mental information by observing events, by watching others, or through:
Cognitive learning
A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n)
specified time period has elapsed
Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n)
negative reinforcer
Any stimulus that when presented after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n):
positive reinforcer
Resistance to extinction is most strongly encouraged by
intermittent conditioned
We are most likely to imitate the behavior of models if we observe that their actions are
followed by reinforcement
Your heart may race when you are confronted by a lion but not when you are approached by akitten. This best illustrates the adaptive value of:
discrimination
Watson and Rayner’s study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears
may be produced through classical conditioning
Children of abusive parents often team to be aggressive by imitating their parents. This illustrates the importance of:
observational learning
Conditioning is the process of:
learning associations
A young child who is spanked after running into the street learns not to repeat this behavior. In this case, the spanking is:
Positive punishment.
In classical conditioning the NS becomes a________ after it reliably signals the impending occurrences of the __________.
CS; US
In which form of learning is behavior influenced by its consequences?
operant conditioning
Mirror neurons are believed by some scientists to provide a biological basis for:
observational learning
An event that strengthens the behavior it follows is a(n)
reinforcement.
A partial reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response that occurs after an unpredictable period of time is a _______ schedule.
variable-interval
Jordan is frightened by the sound of a train whistle. The sound is a(n)
stimulus
Psychologists define learning as the process of:
acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
In classical conditioning, a stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning is called a(n):
neutral stimulus.
A child’s learned fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n)
conditioned response.
Dogs conditioned to salivate to stimulation of the thigh also begin to salivate when stimulated on other body parts. This best illustrates:
generalization
Giving a hungry rat food for pressing a bar before the rat has a chance to engage in other incidental behaviors like running or scratching best illustrates:
immediate reinforcement
