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Computer Fundamentals > Final Study > Flashcards

Final Study Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Von Neumann Machine?

A

Architecture where memory code and memory data are one box.

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2
Q

What is the type of architecture that separates the memories into 2 boxes instead of just one?

A

Harvard Machine

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3
Q

What is an address bus?

A

A bus used to transfer data between devices that are identified by the hardware address. Handles addresses.

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4
Q

Which bus allows for control of direction of information?

A

Control Bus

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5
Q

What purpose does the data bus serve?

A

It handles instructions and data transfer.

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6
Q

What are the four major subsystems of the Von Neumann architecture?

A

Memory, I/O, Arothmetic/Logic Unit (ALU), Control Unit

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7
Q

What two subsystems are located in the Central Processing Unit (usually)?

A

ALU and Control Unit

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8
Q

What is memory?

A

A functional unit where data is stored/retrieved.

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9
Q

What type of memory is stored in cells, which is also given a unique address?

A

RAM, or Random Access Memory

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10
Q

What is Read-Only Memory (ROM)?

A

A type of RAM that is prerecorded and cannot change.

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11
Q

What is the typical cell size/memory width?

A

8 bits

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12
Q

What is the maximum memory size?

A

2^n

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13
Q

Memory Address Register (MAR)

A

Holds address of data or instruction to be fetched

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14
Q

Memory Data Register (MDR)

A

Any data transferred between memory and CPU

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15
Q

Program Counter (PC)

A

Keeps track of next instruction to be executed

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16
Q

Current Instruction Register (CIR or IR)

A

Holds the current instruction and splits opcode and operand

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17
Q

Accumulator (ACC)

A

Where calculation results are held temporarily.

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18
Q

What are the three stages of this process?

A

Fetch > Decode > Execute

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19
Q

What are the two components of the memory system circuits?

A

Decoder and Fetch/Store Controller

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20
Q

What component converts MAR onto signal to a specific memory cell?

A

Decoder

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21
Q

What is cache memory?

A

Memory built into the CPU for fast access times.

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22
Q

What is opcode?

A

The operator of the overall opcode, usually designates to the first 4 places of it on the left.

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23
Q

What is operand?

A

Used for inputing data to work with the beginning opcode. Usually is an address.

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24
Q

What is the Principle of Locality?

A

The increased chance that a recently used address is to be accessed.

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25
Q

What is cache hit rate?

A

The percentage of times values are found in cache.

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26
Q

What is an example of volatile memory?

A

RAM

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27
Q

What are some examples of nonvolatile memories?

A

Mass storage systems.

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28
Q

What is RISC?

A

Reduced instruction set computer, comprised of small instructions.

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29
Q

What is CISC?

A

Complex Instruction Set Computer, comprised of large instructions.

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30
Q

What are tracks?

A

Rings around the disk (CD/DVD) surface

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31
Q

What are sectors?

A

Fixed line segments of tracks, a unit of retrieval.

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32
Q

What is time to retrieve based on?

A

Seek time
Latency
Transfer Time

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33
Q

What is a register?

A

A high-speed, dedicated memory connected to circuits.

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34
Q

What two word term describes how information flows in the ALU?

A

Data path

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35
Q

What is Machine Language?

A

A set of binary strings that encode instructions.

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36
Q

What does it mean to be interpreted?

A

A program doesn’t need to be compiled before executed.

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37
Q

What does it mean to be interactive?

A

The interpreter can be directly interacted with through the prompt.

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38
Q

What does it mean to be object-oriented?

A

It’s a technique where code is encapsulated within objects.

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39
Q

What is the difference between high and low level programming languages?

A

High level is way more user friendly, while low level is more focused on interacting directly with the computer.

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40
Q

print ()

A

Prints text within the parenthesis.

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41
Q

And

A

Set up for a conditional where all conditions must be met.

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42
Q

Break

A

Stops a loop at the point of break

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43
Q

Continue

A

Loops the function at the point of continue

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44
Q

Def

A

Defines a function

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45
Q

Elif

A

Used for conditionals with multiple desired results

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46
Q

Else

A

Fallback conditional if none of the other criteria are met

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47
Q

If

A

Start of a conditional.

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48
Q

For i in x

A

Taking the position in a list/string as a value.

49
Q

#

A

A comment that isn’t executed and is for viewing only

50
Q

‘’’

A

Similar to #, but for multi-line comments

51
Q

What are the five types of data in Python?

A

Integer, Float, Boolean, String, List

52
Q

How would you convert a value to a specific data type?

A

Add the abbreviation for the desired data type before the value.

Ex, int(x)

53
Q

+

A

Can be used to add int with int, str with str

Ex. 5 + 6 = 11, ‘5’ + ‘6’ = ‘56’

54
Q

-

A

Can be used to subtract int from int

Ex. 5 - 6 = -1,

55
Q

*

A

Can be used to multiply int with int, int with str

Ex. 5 * 6 = 30, 5 * ’6’ = ‘66666’

56
Q

/

A

Division of this type results in a float always

57
Q

%

A

Divides two ints or floats, and outputs the remainder

58
Q

//

A

Division where the result is always a whole number

59
Q

**

A

Indicates an exponent

60
Q

>

A

Greater than

61
Q

<

A

Less than

62
Q

==

A

Equal to

63
Q

=

A

Gives value to a variable.

64
Q

!=

A

Not equal to

65
Q

> =

A

Greater than or equal to

66
Q

<=

A

Less than or equal to

67
Q

or

A

True if at least one condition is true

68
Q

Not

A

True if all conditions are false

69
Q

What is e-commerce?

A

Business conducted with the internet.

70
Q

What are the three types of eCommerce business models?

A

Business to Business
Consumer to Consumer
Business to Consumer

71
Q

What is the term for a collection of organized data that allows access and retrieval?

A

Database

72
Q

What does database software allow someone to do?

A

Create computerized database
Add/modify data
Sort and retrieve data
Create forms and reports

73
Q

What is a field?

A

One meaningful piece of info

74
Q

What is a record?

A

A set of related fields

75
Q

What is a data file?

A

A set of related records.
Represented as tables

76
Q

Database

A

A set of related data files.

77
Q

Primary key

A

A field that uniquely identifies each record.

78
Q

Database key

A

Identifier of a record.

79
Q

What is a SQL (Standard Query Language)?

A

Used to retrieve data according to criteria.

80
Q

Foreign key

A

An attribute in one table that is the key on another

81
Q

Database integrity

A

Verification as data is added/removed

82
Q

What is entity integrity?

A

No primary key can be missing.

83
Q

Which integrity requires a foreign key to match a primary key in the related table?

A

Referential integrity

84
Q

What is data integrity?

A

Values must be valid in their category restraints.

85
Q

What is the file maintenance process?

A

Adding > Modifying > Deleting

86
Q

What is it called when data is compared against rules or values to find out if data meets criteria?

A

Validation

87
Q

What was the old way of file processing?

A

Every part of a company held records of all the other company parts, leading to lots of duplicates and redundancies.

88
Q

What is the new way of databases like?

A

There is one central storage for all records and data.

89
Q

What is a query?

A

A request for specific data from database.

90
Q

What is query language?

A

Set of english-like statements that allows user to specify desired data.

91
Q

What is a form?

A

A window on the screen that provides areas for entering or modifying data.

92
Q

What does the report writer do?

A

Allows users to design a report on the screen, retrieve data into the report design, and then display or print the report.

93
Q

What are the three types of security?

A

Information - Control access
Physical - Lock doors
Online - Secure network

94
Q

What is authentication?

A

Establishment of identity

95
Q

What is the term for a one-way encryption?

A

Hash function

96
Q

What does brute force hacking entail?

A

Trying common passwords, personal references, and ultimately, all possible passwords.

97
Q

What is social engineering?

A

A password told by word of mouth.

98
Q

Malware

A

Malicious software arriving from network.

99
Q

Virus

A

Program embedded within another program or file

100
Q

Worm

A

Program that replicates itself onto other nodes on network

101
Q

Trojan horse

A

Program designed to look beneficial, but hides malicious code within it

102
Q

Keystroke logger

A

Records all keys typed

103
Q

Drive-by exploit/download

A

Trojan horse received by visiting an infected website

104
Q

Denial of Service (DoS)

A

Many computers used to access a singular url at the same time

105
Q

Phishing

A

Obtain sensitive information by impersonating legitimate sources.

106
Q

White hat vs Black hat

A

White hats protect from attackers while black hats are infamous and do illegal acts.

107
Q

Information Theft

A

When someone steals personal or confidential info

108
Q

Encryption

A

Converting data that is readable into encoded charactera

109
Q

What is cryptography?

A

Mathematical techniques related to info security.

110
Q

What is cryptanalysis?

A

The study of methods for obtaining the meaning of encrypted info without accessing the secret info.

111
Q

Symmetric encryption algorithm

A

Uses a singular key shared between sender and receiver.

112
Q

Asymmetric encryption algorithm

A

Uses two keys, public and private

Think of it like username is public, and password is private

113
Q

Caesar cipher

A

Mapping character to others a fixed distance away in the alphabet

114
Q

What are some other derivatives of the caesar cipher?

A

Stream cipher, where each character is encoded as it comes

Substitution cipher, where it incorporates other mappings

115
Q

What is the block cipher?

A

Block of plaintext encoded into a block of cipher text

116
Q

Letter frequency chart

A

Shows how commonly letters of the alphabet appear in all text. E is most common.

117
Q

What is a digital signature?

A

Encrypted code that a person attaches to an electronic message to verify identity.

118
Q

What is a digital certificate?

A

A notice that guarantees a user or a website is legitimate.

Computer Fundamentals (4 decks)

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