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A&P2 - Neuro / Endocrine > Final Study > Flashcards

Final Study Flashcards

1
Q

The cribriform plate is critical for which sense, what bone is it a part of?

A

“Olfactory - smell

Ethmoid “

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2
Q

What is the name and location of the preganglionic motor neurons of the Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

Craniosacral -
Cranial Nerves 3, 7, 9, 10,
S2, S3, S4 in the lateral gray matter

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3
Q

CSF is produced in which area of the brain

A

Choroid Plexus (in the Ventricles)

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4
Q

What are some examples of Parasympathetic stimulation?

A

Secretion of digestive enzymes or insulin by the pancreas
Glycogen synthesis or bile secretion by the liver
Decreased heart rate, atrial contraction force by Cardiac muscle
Contraction of pupils, airways

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5
Q

Scientifically speaking, what is pain?

A

Response to perceived change in homeostasis

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6
Q

What are the 5 tastes? Which has the highest sensitivity, lowest threshold?

A

“Sour, Sweet, Bitter, Salty, Umami

Bitter - because many poisonous substances are bitter”

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7
Q

What are the stages of NREM?

A

“1 - transition between wakefullness and sleep, 1-7 min, relaxed and fleeting thoughts
2 - Light sleep, fragments of dreams
3 - moderately deep, temp and BP decrease, about 20 min after falling asleep
4 - Deepest, temp drops, metabolism decreases, reflexes still in tact – most likely to sleep walk in this stage “

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8
Q

What are EPSP and IPSP and where are they integrated?

A

EPSP – Excitatory Postsynaptic Potential
IPSP – Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential

Spinal Cord

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9
Q

Which area of the adrenal gland is stimulated by the Sympathetic nervous system? What does it produce?

A

Medulla - chromaffin cells secrete epinephrine, noepinephrine and trace amounts of dopamine

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10
Q

What pathology can occur with prolonged Vitamin A deficiency?

A

Nyctalopia due to a below normal amount of rhodopsin, a vitamin A derivative - decreasing function of Rods

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11
Q

Sensory nerves are specifically _____ while motor nerves are _______

A

Afferent

Efferent

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12
Q

Which receptor is responsible for sensing vibrations?”

A

Pacinian Corpuscles

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13
Q

The Chromaffin Cells of the Adrenal Medulla produce what substance?

A

a. Norepinephrine
b. Epinephrine
c. Trace amounts of Dopamine

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14
Q

Subdivision of peripheral nervous system (somatic/autonomic)

A

“PNS is divided into Motor and Sensory

Motor - Autonomic and Somatic “

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15
Q

Which organ is both an endocrine and exocrine gland (part of digestive system)

A

Pancreas

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16
Q

Where are the cell bodies of the parasympathetic ganglia?

A

Brain stem and lateral gray matter of 2-4 Sacral segments

Craniosacral (CN 3, 7, 9, 10)

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17
Q

The capability for change assocated with learning is what? What is a physiological example of this?

A

“Plasticity

Changes in individual neurons, like the synthesis of proteins, new dendrites, creating new nynaptic connections “

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18
Q

What is the role of the endocrine system?

A

Maintain homeostasis

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19
Q

Eiocosanoids are in all cells except for red blood cell and play an important role in pain relief, why?

A

Prostaglandin is blocked by NSAIDS - which relieves pain.

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20
Q

Which of these is NOT a type of sensory receptor?

a. Photoreceptors
b. Mechanoreceptors
c. Bonoreceptors
d. Osmoreceptors

A

Bonoreceptors

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21
Q

The space between a synapse and the structure in affects is called:

A

Synaptic cleft

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22
Q

Nicotinic and Muscarinic receptors both react in response to which neurotransmitter?

A

Acetylcholine

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23
Q

What window of temperature is sufficient to activate cold receptors?

A

50-105 degrees Fahrenheit

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24
Q

What is the pain gate response?

A

“The body’s ability to feel pain in one place at a time, and one reason why acupuncture might be effective for pain - putting focus in another area.
Doesn’t work in extreme pain”

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25
Q

What are otiliths, where are they found?

A

Calcium Carbonate crystals that lay on top of the Macula and pull the hair forward if you bend your head - sensing a change in your position

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26
Q

What do Schwann cells do?

A

Maintain myelin sheaths over the axons in the PNS

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27
Q

What fluid is responsible for the “floaters” we see with increasing age?

A

Vitreous Body

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28
Q

Describe the difference between an ipsilateral and contralateral reflex

A

Ipsilateral - same side

Contralateral - opposite side

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29
Q

Which endocrine gland is responsible for Aldosterone, Cortisol and DHEA?

A

Adrenal cortex

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30
Q

Which hormones are produced in the kidney?

A

Renin, Calcitriol (active form of vitamin D), Erythropoetin

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31
Q

Which of these cranial nerves is NOT in the Craniosacral Division?

a. CN X
b. CN VI
c. CN III
d. CN IX

A

CN VI

The Craniosacral Nerves are:
3, 7, 9, 10
Sacral 2-4

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32
Q

What is autonomic tone?

A

Balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic activity - regulated by the hypothalamus

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33
Q

True or False: The internal organs of the body have one solid set of nerves innervating them.

A

False - it’s much more netlike, lots of redundancy

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34
Q

In which location are you most likely to find a chemoreceptor?

A

Surface of the tongue (taste) in the nose (smell)

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35
Q

The Celiac Plexus is better known by what other name?

A

The Solar Plexus

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36
Q

True or False: Axons in the PNS can repair themselves.

A

True

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37
Q

Why must insulin be taken as an injection?

A

As a peptide hormone, it would be broken down by the digestive enzymes if it was taken by mouth - where steroid and thyroid hormones are not.

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38
Q

Describe the difference between a negative and positive feedback loop

A

“Negative feedback - presence turns off production

Positive feedback - presence turns on (oxytocin, labor) “

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39
Q

The type of white matter structure sending impulses to the different parts of the same cerebral hemisphere is called an:

A

Association Tract

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40
Q

Which brainwave type is associated with emotional stress and suffering?

A

Theta

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41
Q

What are the different functions of Free Nerve Endings and Encapsulated Nerve Endings? Which is easier to damage?

A

Free Nerve Endings - Pain, temperature, tickle, itch and some touch sensations - easier to damage

Encapsulated Nerve Endings - detect pressure, vibration, and some touch

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42
Q

Which nerve from the cervical plexus causes contraction of the diaphragm?

A

C3, 4, 5

Phrenic Nerve

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43
Q

What happens if you take Human growth hormone?

A

When you take HGH you stop producing your own, and if you stop taking it then your body could no longer repair itself properly

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44
Q

Which muscles are innervated by the Musculocutaneous nerve?

Which Plexus does it orginate?

A

Coracobrachialis
Biceps brachii
Brachialis

Brachial Plexus

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45
Q

What is the role of Ciliary Muscle?

A

circular band of smooth muscle that change the tightness of zonular fibers which alters shape of lens, adapting for near or far vision

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46
Q

Which lipid-soluble hormone is both a hormone and a neurotransmitter?

A

Nitric Oxide

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47
Q

Which plexus - Sciatic nerve

A

Sacral Plexus

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48
Q

The hippocampus, amygdala, and the cingulate gyri are all associated with:

A

Limbic system function

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49
Q

Which condition is described as a localized vasoconstriction in response to emotional stress or cold?

A

Raynaud’s Phenomenon

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50
Q

The Corpus Callosum is

A

The main point of communication between the cerebral hemispheres
Located near the Cingulate Gyri
Made up of Commissural Tracts

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51
Q

The function of Cranial Nerve 0 is somewhat debated, but its function is presumed to be

A

Pheromonal in nature

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52
Q

What is the difference NREM and REM sleep - how many stages of NREM are there?

A

“NREM - non rapid eye movement, 4 stages

REM - rapid eye movement, of which we have 3-5 episodes per night, occuring appx every 90 min”

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53
Q

What % of information do we estimate gets stored in long term memory?

A

1%

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54
Q

Connective tissue surrounding each fascicle of peripheral nerve is called

A

Perineurium

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55
Q

Which hormones are produced by the gonads?

A

“Ovaries - Estrogens and progesterone, Relaxin, Inhibin

Testes - Testosterone, Inhibin”

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56
Q

Which specific types of cells of the adrenal medulla release norepinephrine and epinephrine?

A

Chromaffin cells

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57
Q

What are two types of viruses that impact the PNS?

A

Poliomyelitis (polio) - destroys cell bodies of motor neurons
Shingles (herpes zoster) - rash along a dermatome

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58
Q

Oligodendrocytes perform a similar function to which other cell?

A

Schwann Cells

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59
Q

True or False: Only Ovaries produce inhibin

A

False - both ovaries and testes can produce inhibin

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60
Q

Which is the only spinal nerve that does not have a corresponding dermatome?
Which cranial nerve innervates a dermatome?

A

C1

Trigeminal V

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61
Q

What is Sciatica, and which nerve (and plexus) is the cause?

A

Impingement / damage of the Sciatic nerve, which is actually 2 nerves - the tibia and common fibular
Sacral Plexus

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62
Q

Which types of neuron are associated with the cerebellum?

A

Purkenje Cells

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63
Q

Pyramids are what?

A

Bulges of cranio-spinal nerve tracts, found in the medulla oblongata

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64
Q

Which cells are responsible for the continuous reproduction of Olfactory Cells, why are these special?

A

“Basal cells (stem cells)

Olfactory Cells are neurons which generally are not replace, but these are replaced every month or so. “

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65
Q

Which plexus - Musculocutaneous

A

Brachial

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66
Q

What is the solar plexus?

A

Also known as the Celiac Plexus - the largest autonomic plexus

Dense network of axons distributed to the stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, kidneys, adrenal medullae, testes, ovaries

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67
Q

What are the hormones that do not circulate in the blood? Which of these act on the same cell that secretes them - what is the example given?

A

“Paracrines - act on neighboring cells
Autocrines - act on the same cell that secreted

IL-2 Local hormone released by Helper T cells during immune response that both acts on neighboring cells and itself “

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68
Q

Which papillae do not have any taste buds? What is their purpose?

A

Filiform Papillae – contain tactile receptors but no taste buds – increase friction to make it easier for tongue to move food in the oral cavity

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69
Q

True or False: All smells are action potentials

A

True

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70
Q

What is sensation?

A

Conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment

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71
Q

Difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

A

“Endocrine - wide reaching, into intertitial fluid which diffuse into the blood stream (ex. Hormones), reaction can take much longer
Exocrine - into ducts, which are carried into body cavities (ex. Sweat, tears), immediate reaction”

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72
Q

What are first order, second order and third order neurons?

A

“1st – impulses from somatic receptors to brain stem or the spinal cord
2nd – arrive at the thalamus
3rd – impulses from the thalamus to the primary somatosensory area of the cortex on the Same Side”

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73
Q

What structure, found throughout the brain stem, is responsible for consciousness, arousal, muscle tone, and sensory overload?

A

Reticular Activation System / Reticular Formation

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74
Q

The cells bodies of the nerves of the PNS are located in what structure?

A

The Spinal Cord

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75
Q

True or False: You can test your own reflexes - why or why not?

A

False - you cannot see a reflex coming, it is an involuntary response to a stimulus that is meant to prevent injury and maintain homeostasis

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76
Q

The primary function of the brain is to

A

Maintain homeostasis

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77
Q

Unipolar and Bipolar neurons are almost exclusively used in what function?

A

Sensory Receptors

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78
Q

The diencephalon contains all of these structures except:

a. The pineal gland
b. the thalamus
c. the hypothalamus
d. the medulla

A

D. The Medulla (part of the brain stem)

pineal gland is in the epithalamus

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79
Q

What are the nerve sub-divisions of the Brachial Plexus?

A

Risk Takers Don’t Cautiously Behave

Roots, Trunks, Divisions, Cords, and Branches

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80
Q

How many neurons does the human brain contain?

A

Between 50 - 500 Billion

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81
Q

What receptors sense vibration

A

Corpuscles of touch / Meissner Corpuscles

Lamellated corpuscles

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82
Q

What is another name for an intercostal nerve?

A

Thoracic Nerve

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83
Q

Which plexus - Oculomotor

A

None - it’s a Cranial Nerve

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84
Q

What are the two types of sympathetic ganglia? Where are they located?

A

Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia — Vertical row on either side - Chain Ganglia)

Paravertebral Ganglia —-anterior to vertebral column

85
Q

What is the difference between static and dynamic equalibrium?

A

“Static - maintenance of body position, mainly the head, relative to force of gravity (Macula – hair cells)

Dynamic Equilibrium – maintenance of body position, mainly the head, in response to rotational acceleration and deceleration movements (Cristae – hair cells in the semicircular ducts) “

86
Q

What is the most plentiful hormone created in the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Human growth hormone

87
Q

What is the difference between white and gray matter in the spinal cord

A

The white matter tracts in the spinal cord are highways for nerve impulse propagation to and from the brain

The gray matter of the spinal cord receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information. (including reflexes)

88
Q

What is memory consolidation?

A

Reinforcement resulting from frequent retrieval of a piece of information from long-term memory

89
Q

The three smallest bones in the body are what? What function do they play in our special senses?

A

Auditory Ossicles, transmit sound from air/outer ear to inner ear through mechanical vibration

90
Q

“What test is performed by moving an object from a distance closer to the eyes, watching the pupils to ensure that they constrict and equally cross as it gets closer? What is it testing for?

What is another test that can be performed on the pupils?”

A

“Accomodation assesment - checking for the near point of vision, ability to adjust focus

Reactivity to light - shining a light to ensure pupils constrict”

91
Q

What is the result of being low-level stressed all the time? How can you combat it?

A

Sympathetic tone - not good, can cause issues with heart, in a world that is overstimulating, exercises like Tai Qi, meditation, acupuncture can have profound effects at helping to regulate sympathetic tone

92
Q

What is the correct neurotransmitter for a postganglionic sympathetic nerve?

A

Norepinephrine

93
Q

True or False - Melatonin is secreted specifically by the hypothalamus

A

False

- Pineal gland

94
Q

The Gustatory Nucleus of the Cerebrum would responsible for interpreting which signal?

A

Taste (like tasting cake)

95
Q

The nerve C4 exits the spine where

A

Directly above C4

96
Q

Trigeminal Neuralgia is associated with which Cranial Nerve

A

CN 5 - Trigeminal Nerve (the largest cranial nerve)

97
Q

Which cells in the pancreatic islets (islets of langerhans) are responsible for secreting insulin? What happens if there are not enough of these cells?

A

“Beta cells (B cells - and make up about 70% of pancreatic islets)

Diabetes Mellitus (Type 1) - beta cells don’t produce enough or there are not enough beta cells “

98
Q

The muscle spindles are specialized proprioceptors that assist in which reflex

A

Stretch Reflex

99
Q

Difference between flaccid and spastic paralysis

A

“Spastic – damage to spinal cord / central – reflexes still fire

Flaccid – damage peripheral nerve – if axon is damaged, it could be repaired “

100
Q

What are the special senses? (What is notably NOT a special sense?)

A

“Special Senses (5)

  • Smell - nose
  • Taste – buds
  • Vision - eyes
  • Hearing - ears
  • Equilibrium - ears
  • NOT TOUCH “
101
Q

What is a Splanchnic Nerve?

A

Preganglionic Nerve axons that pass through the sympathetic trunk

102
Q

Why is there no Thoracic Plexus?

A

There is no Thoracic plexus because there are no limbs for it to innervate. The intercostal / thoracic nerves go directly to the intercostal muscles and dermatomes in that region.

103
Q

How do somatic motor neurons differ from autonomic motor neurons

A

Axon of a single, myelinated somatic motor neuron extends from central nervous system to the skeletal muscle fiber it innervates (rather than having pre/post ganglionic)

104
Q

Which of these is NOT a neurotransmitter?

a. Acetylcholine
b. Seratonin
c. Dopamine
d. Heronin

A

d. Heronin

105
Q

Which layyer of the eye is responsible for receiving light and converts into receptor potentials and nerve impules

A

Retina / inner layer

106
Q

Why is there more gray matter in the cervical and lumbar spine

A

More reflexes and integration from the limbs in those areas

107
Q

What are the 5 types of anterior pituitary cells?

A 
"Somatotrophs (HgH)
Thyrotrophs (TSH) 
Gonadotrophs (FSH, LH)
Corticotrophs (corticotropin)
Lactotrophs (prolactin)"
108
Q

What is the name for pain receptors? Where are they located?

A

Nociceptors - located in nearly every body tissue

109
Q

Increase in what type of fluid results in Menieres disease, causing tinnitus, vertigo, hearing loss?

A

Endolymph - resulting in an enlargement of the membranous labyrinth in the inner ear

110
Q

What is a reflex arc’s pathway through the nervous system?

A 
Sensory receptor
Sensory neuron 
Integration center
Motor neuron
Effector
111
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A bundle of neurons

112
Q

A bundle of nerve fibers, surrounded by a perineurium, is called a _________.

A

Fascicle

113
Q

What neurotransmittor is released by somatic motor neurons?

A

Acetylcholine

114
Q

What role does the Pineal Gland play in a sympathetic state?

A

Increases the synthesis and release of melatonin so that the body is able to rest after a burst of energy

115
Q

Where does the Spinal Cord begin and terminate?

A

Extends from the medulla oblongata at the level of the foramen magnum down to the Level of L2

116
Q

The Peripheral Nervous System is subdivided into which two systems?

A

Somatic and Autonomic

117
Q

What are important factors in our brain’s ability to create memories?

A

Repetition
Neuroplasticity – ability to change based on new information
Consolidation – connect to something you already know

118
Q

What is the range of human hearing? When is it painful?

A

“We can hear from about 20 – 20,000 hz – but most acutely between 500-5000

Decibel painful above 140”

119
Q

What is Autonomic Tone?

A

A balance between Sympathetic and Parasympathetic systems

120
Q

How are Direct Motor Pathways different from Indirect Motor Pathways?

A

Indirect Motor Pathways involve the Cerebellum and Basal Nuclei

121
Q

Which structure is responsible for the perception of color?

A

The brain

122
Q

Why is there no Thoracic Plexus? What does it innervate?

A

There is no Thoracic plexus because there are no limbs for it to innervate. The intercostal / thoracic nerves go directly to the intercostal muscles and dermatomes in that region.

123
Q

Nicotinic and Muscalate are examples of what type of receptor? Why do they have this name?

A

Cholinergic - they are activated by the neurotransmitter acetylecholine

124
Q

Subdivision of autonomic nervous system

A

“Parasympathetic - Rest and Digest

Sympathetic - Fight or Flight”

125
Q

What is the mesentary?

A

Mesentary – flat sheet of connective tissue that is behind the small intestine

126
Q

Which are the most common sensory receptors in the ANS?

A

Interoceptors

127
Q

What is the role of T3 and T4 that are synthesized by the thyroid gland? What ions are critical in our diet to ensure proper synthesis?

A

“Regulate oxygen use, basal metabolic rate
Cellular metabolism
Growth and development

Iodine”

128
Q

What is the only difference between the meninges of the CNS and PNS?

A

The dura mater of the PNS has only 1 layer (there are no sinuses)

129
Q

Which of these is NOT a type of connective tissue in the CNS?

Terra Mater
Pia Mater
Dura Mater
Arachnoid Mater

A

Terra Mater

130
Q

Which has more areas in the brain, sensory or motor?

A

Sensory

131
Q

The neurotransmitter Substance P is associated with the transmission of which sensation?

A

Pain

132
Q

The telencephalon eventually becomes which part of the mature brain

A

Cerebrum

133
Q

Messages sent from the thalamus to the somatosensory area of the cortex are which order of neurons?

A

Third-Order Neurons

134
Q

In what organ(s) would you find the stereocilia?

A

“The Organ of Corti in the Cochlea of the ears - hearing

Macula - within the Utricle, Sacula - balance”

135
Q

What is the Sympathetic Trunk Ganglia?

A

“Site of synapses between the pre and post ganglionic neuron of the sympathetic nervous system

Sit on either side of the vertebral column in a row extending from the base of the skull to the coccyx”

136
Q

CSF returns to the blood stream by way of _____________.

A

The Arachnoid Villi

137
Q

What types of structures are muscle spindles and Golgi Tendon Organs?

A

Proprioceptors

138
Q

Which muscle of the upper girdle receives innervation from 2 nerves?

A

The Subscapularis - Lower Subscapular, Upper Subscapular

139
Q

Which of these is NOT part of the CNS?

CN X
Gray Matter
Meninges
Cerebellum

A

CN X - ALL nerves are part of the PNS

140
Q

What does it mean for a receptor to be Adrenergic? What are examples

A

It is activated by the neurotransmittor norepinephrine and the hormones norepinephrine and epinephrine

Alpha (1-2)
Beta (1-3)

141
Q

Ion channels that open randomly (to balance electrolytes) are

A

Leak Channels

142
Q

What is the largest nerve arising from the lumbar plexus?

A

Femoral Nerve

143
Q

Sympathetic trunk ganglia occur:

A

anterior to and on either side of the spinal cord

144
Q

What are the 3 categories of hormones? (+ an example)

A

“Steroids - Testosterone
Amines - Melatonin
Peptides - ADH”

145
Q

What is the name and location of the preganglionic motor neurons of the Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Thoracolumbar, T1 - L2 in the LATERAL HORNS

146
Q

What is the difference between white matter and gray matter

A

White matter contains myelinated axons where gray matter does not

147
Q

How do lipid soluble vs. water soluble hormones act on target cells

A

Lipid soluble molecules are able to cross through the plasma membrane and binds to receptors within the cytosol , water soluble molecules are not able to pass the lipid bi-layer and must bind to a receptor (G protein) on the outside of the cell

148
Q

What is the difference between a pain threshold and pain tolerance?

A

Threshold is the point when your body begins to feel pain - for most people this is close to the same

Tolerance varies greatly from person to person and is the amount of pain one can endure, generally thought that women have higher tolerance than men because they experience more pain on a regular basis

149
Q

The process that governs wakefulness and sleep is referred to as:

A

Circadian Rhythm

150
Q

What is the difference between proprioception and kinesthesia?

A

Proprioception has to do with our ability to perceive our body without looking at it, whereas kinesthesia is specifically related to the perception of movement.

151
Q

On what bone is the pituitary gland located?

A

Yes – it rests on the Sella Turcica on the superior most portion of the Ethmoid bone

152
Q

Somatic Nerves are responsible for:

A

Conscious sensation and skeletal muscle function

153
Q

What are some examples of Sympathetic stimulation?

A 
Inhibit secretion of digestive enzymes
Increases synthesis and release of melatonin
Increases sweating 
Breakdown of triglycerides and conversion of glycogen stores to glucose 
Increased heart rate
Dilation of pupils 
Adjust eyes for distant vision 
Airway dilation
154
Q

Which ions flow out of the neurilemma during Repolarization of nerves?

A

Potassium

155
Q

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, better known as what, attacks which areas of the nervous system?

A

“Lou Gehrigs Disease

Attacks motor areas of the cerebral cortex, axons of upper motor neurons, and lower motor neuron cell bodies causing progressive weakinging and atrophy of muscles “

156
Q

Cranialsacral division includes which cranial nerves?

A

Cranial nerves – 3, 7, 9, 10

157
Q

What are the senses and how are they grouped?

A

somatic (touch, pressure, vibration, warmth, cold, pain, itch, tickle, proprioceptive);
visceral (pressure, chemicals, stretch, nausea, hunger, temperature)
Special senses

158
Q

Which of these does NOT affect nerve cell propogation?

a. Temperature
b. Amount of myelination
c. Number of nuclei in the nerve cell
d. Axon diameter

A

c. Number of nuclei in the nerve cell

159
Q

Where are the plexuses of the ANS?

A

Abdomen and pelvis

160
Q

The crossing of hemispheric innervation to the opposite side of the body is called

A

Decussation of pyramids

161
Q

Each division of the autonomic nervous system has two motor neurons, what are they?

A

Preganglionic - cell body is in the Brain or Spinal Cord

Postganglionic

162
Q

What homeostatic imbalance of the brain is marked by increases of Beta-Amyloid plaques?

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

163
Q

Pineal gland produces which hormone. From what substance is it derived?

A

Melatonin - amine hormone derived from serotonin

164
Q

What type of receptors are touch

A

Corpuscles of touch / Meissner Corpuscles
Hair root Plexuses
Type I Cutaneous Mechanorecptors / Tactile Discs
Type II Cutaneous Receptors / Ruffini corpuscles

165
Q

Higher number of cranial nerves are found

A

Closer to the spinal cord

166
Q

Where is Calcitonin produced? What is its role? Which hormone does the opposite?

A

“Thyroid - parafollicular cells
regulates calcium homeostasis by taking calcium from our blood and attaching to our bones for storage

Parathyroid hormone - the only hormone made in the parathyroid gland, takes calcium from our bones “

167
Q

What is the location that pre and postganglionic neurons synapse in the Craniosacral division?

A

Terminal (Intramural) ganglia - close to or within the wall of a visceral organ

168
Q

What is adaptation?

A

Decrease in sensitivity in a long-lasting stimulus

169
Q

Which parts ot the eye contain melanin? What is its role?

A

“Choroid, Ciliary body, Iris

Absorb stray light (regulate amount of light - Iris)”

170
Q

Covid-19 is contraindicated - cannot treat infectious diseases

A

DO NOT TREAT SOMEONE WHO IS KNOWN TO BE INFECTIOUS

171
Q

Anything that is made by our hypothalamus or pituitary

A

Peptide or protein

172
Q

What is another name for the Olfactory glands? What do they do?

A

Bowmans Glands, produce mucus to dissolve odor molecules

173
Q

What is the range of visible light?

A

400 - 700 nm in the electromagnetic field

174
Q

What receptors sense pressure

A

Corpuscles of touch / Meissner Corpuscles
Type II Cutaneous Receptors / Ruffini corpuscles
Lamellated corpuscles

175
Q

What are the effectors of the Somatic and ANS?

A

Somatic - skeletal muscles

ANS - cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands

176
Q

Where are proprioceptive receptors located and what do they do?

A

Muscles, tendons, joints, inner ear
Include - muscle spindles, tendon organs (golgi), joint kinesthetic receptors and hair cells of ear
Sense position and movement of the body

177
Q

Anterior horns of the spinal cord innervate

A

Motor function

178
Q

Which type of neuron uses the neurotransmittor Norepinephrine instead of ACH?

A

The sympathetic postganglionic

179
Q

What is the name for presynaptic neurons sending signals to multiple postsynaptic neurons?

A

Divergence

180
Q

The ‘twists’ and ‘folds’ of the brain are referred to as __________.

A

Gyri

181
Q

What is the difference between a gross motor function and a fine motor function?

A

“Large movements - such as walking

Small movements - such as itching something “

182
Q

What are the primary Endocrine glands? And where are they located?

A 
"Pituitary
Thyroid
Parathyroid, 
Adrenal
Pineal gland

Put That Pot Away Please

ALL OF THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS ARE LOCATED ON THE MIDSAGITTAL LINE - CLOSE TO CIRCULATION “

183
Q

Which syndrome is sympathetic innervation to one side of the face is lost resulting in ptosis (drooping of the upper eyelid), miosis (constricted pupil), and anhidrosis (lack of sweating).

A

Horner’s Syndrome

184
Q

Which glial cells are found in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal

185
Q

What two reflexes generally occur together

A

Flexor (Withdrawal) Reflex

Crossed-Extensor Reflex

186
Q

How many types of photo-receptors are in the eye? What type of protein is responsible for their difference?

A

“2 - Rods / Cones
there are 3 types of cones in Trichromat - though some people are bichromats or tetrachromats (rare)

Photopigment called Opsin”

187
Q

True or False: All cranial nerves emanate from the brain stem

A

False

- CN 1 goes directly into the brain

188
Q

What is the blind spot of the eye? What causes it?

A

Optic disc - location where the optic nerve exits the eye and there are no photoreceptors

189
Q

What are Interoceptors?

A

Located in blood vessels, visceral organs, and nervous system; provide information about internal environment; impulses usually are not consciously perceived but occasionally may be felt as pain or pressure.

190
Q

True or False: All nerve impulses received by the Spinal Cord go to the brain?

A

False - some impulses, reflexes, are processed in the spinal cord interneurons and synapse directly with motor neurons without going to the brain first

191
Q

What are the different types of pain?

A

“Fast pain - occurs within .1 second after a stimulus is applied
Slow Pain - a second or more, gradually increases in intensity (may be excruciating, chronic, burning, aching, throbbing)
Superficial somatic pain - skin
Deep Somatic pain - muscles, joints, tendons
Visceral pain - in organs, diffuse “

192
Q

Involuntary actions of the body are controlled almost exclusively by which part of the brain?

A

Hypothalamus

193
Q

Which part of the nervous system is most connected to the Endocrine system? (The real master)

A

The Hypothalamus – which via the infundibulum – is connected to and controls the pituitary gland

194
Q

A single sympathetic preganglionic fiber has many axon branches and may synapse with 20 or more postganglionic neurons. This pattern of projection is an example of what?

A

Divergence

explains why sympathetic responses affect almost entire body simultaneously

195
Q

What is the role of the basal nuclei

A

“Major role in initiation and termination of movements
Suppress unwanted movements through inhibitory effects on thalamus
Influence muscle tone
Influence cortical function - possibly working with limbic system to regulate emotional behavior

196
Q

What is the difference between the anterior and posterior pituitary galnd? Which two hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary gland

A

“Anterior produces the hormones (orders from hypothalamus)

Posterior stores
ADH / Vasopressin
Oxytocin “

197
Q

What role do the hormones produced by the Thymus play?

A

Promote maturation of the imature T Cells - when young - it shrinks as we get older

198
Q

What is transduction?

A

is the conversion of stimulus energy into a graded potential in a sensory receptor

199
Q

Describe referred pain?

A

Region of skin which visceral pain is feld - for example, pain in the heart is felt along the skin over the left arm and chest

200
Q

Autonomic nerves mostly connect to ganglia before innervating their particular structures. What does this ganglia provide?

Are Sympathetic and Parasympathetic ganglia in the same place?

A

Parasympathetic and Sympathetic are not found in the same place. Parasympathetic terminal/intramural ganglia are found closer to/in their effector organ where sympathetic are found in the trunk ganglia close to the spinal cord.

The ganglia provides a routing station, redundancy to ensure full nerve signal

201
Q

Which plexus - Phrenic

A

Cervical

202
Q

True or False: Action Potentials, as a rule, travel further and require more stimulus than Grade Potentials?

A

True

203
Q

All nerves that extend out of the brain stem and spinal cord are called what? What do they innervate?

A

“LOWER MOTOR NEURONS (LMNS)
Innervate skeletal muscles of the face and head through cranial nerves, and skeletal muscles of the limb and trunk through spinal nerves

Only Lower Motor Neurons provide output from the CNS to skeletal muscle fibers - also called the final common pathway “

204
Q

Which plexus - Femoral

A

Lumbar

205
Q

The Sympathetic Division is also called:

A

The Thoracolumbar Division

206
Q

What is a common test done to test reflexes - which type of reflex is it?

A

Patellar Reflex or Knee Jerk Test - Stretch Reflex

207
Q

“Local Circuit Neurons, Upper Motor Neuron, Basal Nuclei Neurons and Cerebellar Neurons are all examples of what?

Where does the Lower Motor Neuron come into play?”

A

They are all somatic motor pathways - participate in the control of movement by providing input to Lower Motor Neurons (which provide output to skeletal muscle)

208
Q

The area of the brain that process impulses from the eyes is the __________.

A

Occipital Lobe

209
Q

Broca’s Area of the brain is most associated with

A

Speech and Language

A&P2 - Neuro / Endocrine (3 decks)

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