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A&P2 - Neuro / Endocrine > Midterm Study > Flashcards

Midterm Study Flashcards

1
Q

The area of the brain that processes impulses from the eyes

A

The Primary Visual Area in the Occipital Lobe

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2
Q

The hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate gyri and mammilary bodies are all associated with the:

A

Limbic System

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3
Q

Type of neuron found in the nerves connected to special senses

A

Bipolar

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4
Q

All of the following cells are found in the CNS except:

a. Astrocytes
b. Schwann Cells
c. Purkinje Cells
d. Oligodendrocytes

A

Schwann Cells - found only in the PNS and create the myelin sheaths

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5
Q

Which type of ion channel opens and closes randomly?

A

Leak Channel

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6
Q

True or False:

Graded potentials travel further than Action Potentials

A

False - Grade potentials are used for local communication

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7
Q

Broca’s Area of the brain is most associated with:

(where is it located?)

A

Speech

  • Frontal Lobe, close to lateral cerebral sulcus
  • 97% of population, language areas are located in the left hemisphere, control larynx, pharynx, mouth
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8
Q

What is the hormone epineprhine

A

It is a neurotransmitter of the group Biogenic Amines, and it is also referred to as “adrenaline”

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9
Q

How many neurons does the human brain contain?

A

50-500 Billion

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10
Q

What structures are in the Diencephalon?

A

Thalamus

Hypothalamus

Epithalamus (where pineal gland is)

CVOs (not part of blood brain barrier)

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11
Q

The telencephalon of a fetal brain ultimately grows into:

A

The Cerebrum

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12
Q

What do endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins have in common?

A
  • They are neuropeptides
  • Pain is alleviated by their existence
  • They are a super powerful version of morphine
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13
Q

Which type of brain wave is associated with emotional stress?

A

Theta

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14
Q

The type of White Matter structure sending impulses to the opposite hemisphere of the Cerebrum is called:

A

Commissural Tract

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15
Q

What is the main function of the Limbic System?

What structure is most responsible for the creation of memories?

A

The Limbic System is considered the emotional brain of our body, with its function to process emotional responses like fear, joy, anger.

The hippocampus is most responsible for creating memories.

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16
Q

Which homeostatic imbalance condition is marked by an increase of Beta-Amyloid plaques?

A

Alzheimer’s Disease

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17
Q

Which cranial nerve is the only one going direcly to the cerebrum?

A

CN 1 - Olfactory

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18
Q

What structure, found throughout the brain stem, is responsible for consciousness, arousal, muscle tone, and sensory overload?

A

The Reticular Formation

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19
Q

Red Nuclei are found in which structure?

A

The Midbrain

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20
Q

Damage to the Cerebellum can lead to

A

Ataxia, Lack of coordination

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21
Q

Substantia Nigra - made in the midbrain, help produce what important chemical?

A

Dopamine

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22
Q

What is the Arbor Vitae?

A

White matter tracts that look like a tree found within the Cerebellum

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23
Q

What structure is responsible for the perception of color?

A

The Brain - ALL perception is in the brain

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24
Q

How many cranial nerves specifically innervate the structures of the eye? (What are they)

A

4
CN II
CN III
CN IV
CN VI

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25
Q

Which cranial nerves are responsible for the reception of taste?

A

CN VII - Facial
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal

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26
Q

This is the only Cranial Nerve to travel inferior to the clavicle

A

CN X - Vagus

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27
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for hearing AND balance?

A

CN VIII - Vestibulococchlear

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28
Q

Which two muscles does CN XI - Accessory Nerve innervate?

A

SCM and Trapezius

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29
Q

Which type of Cranial Nerve (not including Terminal) is there more of?

A

Motor

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30
Q

What are the Sensory, Motor, Mixed nerves - list + how many in each

A

Sensory Only - 1, 2, 8 (3)
Mixed - 5, 7, 9, 10 (4)
Motor - 3, 4, 6, 11, 12 (5)

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31
Q

What is a mneumonic?

A

A device such as a pattern of words, letters, or ideas that assist in remembering something

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32
Q

What was your mneumonic for remembering Cranial Nerves

A

Old Opposums Occupy Tall Trees And Forrests Vehicles Go Vroom And Hit

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33
Q

White Matter has Tracts, As Gray Matter has ____________

A

Nuclei

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34
Q

The cerebrum is divided into four of these - such as frontal or temporal

A

What are lobes

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35
Q

It is the part of the brain stem closest to the spine

A

What is the medulla oblongata

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36
Q

While a neuron may have dozens of dendrites receiving information, it has only one of these to send information

A

Axon

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37
Q

Of the CNS and PNS, it is where you will find the most variety of the glial cell

A

CNS (4 of the 6 types)

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38
Q

Of the cranial nerves running to the brain, this is the only one that sends signal directly to the cerebrum

A

CN 1 - Olfactory

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39
Q

The twists and folds of a healthy brain are called

A

Gyri

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40
Q

Of the three brain stem parts, it is the one most clely associated with red nuclei

A

Midbrain

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41
Q

Of the three main types of neuronal cell, this one is most associated with special senses like sight or smell

A

Bipolar cell

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42
Q

Tiny little helper cells found peripherally around axons and producing neurolemma

A

Schwann Cells

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43
Q

Including sensory AND motion, it is the number of nerves directly affecting the eye

A

Four

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44
Q

In the cerebrum, these dense bundles of white matter can be associative, commissural, or projective

A

Tracts

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45
Q

Overall coordination of the body is what this “little brain” does best

A

Cerebellum

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46
Q

The part of the neuron just before the axon - where an action potential first starts

A

Hillock (Axon Hillock)

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47
Q

These big eaters of the Central Nervous System have a very small name

A

Microglia

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48
Q

Impingements of this nerve can lead to tic doloreux - a rather painful type of neuralgia

A

CN V - Trigeminal

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49
Q

Masses of gray matter deep within the Cerebrum. Used to mistakenly be referred to as Ganglia

A

Basal Nuclei

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50
Q

Also known as “the bridge” it is the originating structure of both the Trigeminal AND the Facial Nerve

A

The Pons

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51
Q

A unique type of nerve cell found exclusively in the cerebellum

A

Purkinje Cell

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52
Q

Found deep in the choroid plexus these nerves are responsible for the creation of CSF, and ultimately, the health of the entire nervous system

A

Ependymal cells

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53
Q

Two major senses, hearing and balance, are both interpreted by this single cranial nerve

A

CN VIII - Vestibulococchlear

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54
Q

The septal nuceli and mammillary bodies are part of this fiery subsection

A

Limbic System

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55
Q

Net-like arrangement of white and gray matter responsible for monitoring conscious stimuli and assisting automatic function

A

Reticular Formation

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56
Q

Nerves that ascend are for sensory information, this type of nerve signal, sent downward is for motor commands

A

Efferent nerves

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57
Q

Cells most affected by the condition Multiple Sclerosis

A

Oligodendrocites (affect the myelin sheathes)

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58
Q

Of your cranial nerves, only these two are responsible for taste

A

CN VII - Facial
CN IX - Glossopharyngeal

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59
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating food intake and controlling our temperature?

A

Hypothalamus - The satiety center (and thirst center)

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60
Q

What is the Optic Chiasm

A

Where the 2 optic nerves from each merge and cross (partial decussiation / each half of each retina) to travel to the opposite side of the brain (and go on to the Primary Visual Cortex)

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61
Q

What is the order of circulation of the CSF (and blood) in the brain

A

Lateral Ventricles -> through Interventricular foramina -> to
Third Ventricle -> through Aqueduct of the midbrain -> to
Fourth Ventricle -> through Median/2 lateral apertures
Subarachnoid space -> via Arachnoid villi into
Dural Venous Sinuses -> (sigmoid sinus)
Internal Jugular Vein ->
Superior Vena Cava -> Heart
Oxygenate / Repeat into arterial supply -> Carotid back up

62
Q

Where are Choroid Plexuses found and what do they do?

A

In the ventricles, they are lined with ependymal cells that create the CSF by drawing out plasma from the blood and filtering into CSF

63
Q

How many ventricles are found in the brain, what are they?

A

4 -
2 Lateral Ventricles
3rd Ventricle
4th Ventricle

Spaces (originally the tube in neural tube) that are filled with CSF and part of the circulation of CSF

64
Q

What are the least permeable capillaries in the body?

A

Blood brain barrier

65
Q

What % of the body’s oxygen supply is utilized by the brain? What happens if the oxygen supply is disrupted?

A

20%

Damage, death of brain cells - excitotoxicity

66
Q

What is the Superior Sagittal Sinus, and what is its significance in early development?

A

It is a dural venous sinus/space along the Falx Cerebri where CSF flows into via the subarachnoid space/villi and then returns blood into the interior jugular vein

In early development, this is where the fontennelle is, and hydroencephalus can cause this space to swell and bulge

67
Q

Between what two layers is the subarachnoid space, what does it do?

A

Between the arachnoid and pia mater
Filled with flowing amounts of CSF

68
Q

What are the Red Nuclei, what gives them their color, where are they found, and what do they do?

A

L/R Bundles of cell bodies in the Midbrain, that look red due to blood supply and iron-pigment in neuronal bodies

Axons from cerebellum and cerebral cortex form synapses in the red nuclei which help control muscular movements

69
Q

What is the role of the dural venous sinuses? Where do they drain?

A

Receive deoxygenated blood
Drain into the internal jugular vein to return to the heart

70
Q

What are the two layers of the dura mater? What are the areas where they separate called?

A

Periosteal layer
Meningeal layer

Dural venous sinuses

71
Q

What are the 3 layers of the Meninges?

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid Mater
Pia Mater

72
Q

Generally, what is the function of the Midbrain?

A

It is related to functions regarding coordination

  • conveys motor impulses from cerebrum to cerebellum, spinal cord
  • sends sensory from spinal to thalamus
  • regulates audio and visual reflexes
73
Q

What is the decussation of pyramids and in which part of the brain stem is it found?

A

90% of the axons coming to and from the right brain, cross over and innervate the left side (and vice versa) - this is where they cross over

It is the “X” in the middle of the Medulla Oblongata

74
Q

True or False - the medulla, pons, and midbrain all contain both Nuclei and Tracts

A

True

75
Q

What is another name for mid-brain?

A

Mesensephalon

76
Q

The Pons contains the nuclei for which of the Cranial Nerves?

A

CN V - Trigeminal
CN VI - Abducens
CN VII - Facial Nerve
CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear - Vestibular branch

77
Q

What bodily functions are control by the Medulla Oblongata?

A

Autonomic functions / reflexes such as - Heart Rate, Respiratory Rate, Vaso constriction, swallowing, coughing, vomiting, hiccuping

78
Q

Which cranial nerves are in the Medulla Oblongata

A

CN 8 - 12

  • CNIII Vestibulocochlear - specifically cochlear/hearing
  • CN IX - Glossopharyngeal - Taste, swallowing, salivation
  • CN X - Vagus - abdominal visera, larynx, pharynx
  • CN XI - Accessory -
  • CN XII - Hypoglossal - tongue movement
79
Q

Which part of the Brain Stem do we see the “Decussation of Pyramids”

A

Medulla Oblongata

80
Q

Which cranial nerve is the largest?

A

Trigeminal

81
Q

What are the three branches of CN V - Trigeminal Nerve? Which is motor only?

A

Ophthalmic (v1)
Maxillary (v2)
Mandibular nerve (v3) – only motor function

82
Q

Which Cranial nerve is the only nerve that exits from the dorsal (rear) aspect of the brainstem and innervates a muslce contralaterally? What is its function?

A

Trochlear nerve
Moves one muscle that draws the eye doan and indward (crosses eyes)

83
Q

Which brain waves do we see in awake adults? What is the difference?

A

Alpha 8-13 Hz, Resting but awake /consciousness,

Beta 14-30 Hz - active and taking in new information

84
Q

Which brain wave is assicated with distress - or children experiencing emotion to the first time?

A

Theta 4-7 Hz

85
Q

Which brain wave is most associated with deep sleep? At what Hz?

A

Delta - 1 - 5 Hz, Also seen in awake infants, only in awake adults if brain damage

86
Q

Where is the Primary Motor Area located? What is its function?

A

Frontal Lobe at the Precentral Gyrus - controls the motor movements

87
Q

What are the 5 lobes of the cerebrum? Which part is a dome located deep?

A

Frontal Lobe, Parietal Lobe, Occipital Lobe, Temporal Lobe,
Deep Dome - Insula

88
Q

What sensory area is located in the Insula? What does it do?

A

Primary gustatory area - taste discrimination

89
Q

In what part of our brain is it said that our personality comes from?

A

Prefrontal Cortex, or the Frontal Association area, very developed in Primates, most advanced part of the brain

90
Q

What is the role and location of the Corpus Callosum?

A

It is a commissure (white matter, nerve tract) which connects the right and left side of the brain

91
Q

Which parts of the brain does the longitudinal fissure separate?

A

The Left and Right Hemispheres of the Cerebrum / Cerebral Cortex

92
Q

Which is deeper, a sulci or a fissure?

A

Fissure

93
Q

What do the globus pollidus, the putamen, and the caudate nucleus make up? What is their (collective) role?

A

The Basal Nuclei
The basal nuclei help initiate and terminate movements, suppress unwanted movements, and regulate muscle tone.

94
Q

What happens if the brain does not get enough Oxygen? (specifically due to blood loss or block)

A

Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA) - stroke

95
Q

What are the 3 segments of a developing nervous system for an early embryo (3-5 weeks)?

A

Proencephalon (forebrain)
Mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

96
Q

Which part of the brain is responsible for regulating food intake and controlling our temperature?

A

Hypothalamus - The satiety center (and thirst center)

97
Q

CVOs are part of which area of the brain?

A

Diencephalon - they can connect directly to the blood / lack a blood brain barrier

98
Q

What type of tissue does the neural tube come from? What other structures of the human body derive from that tissue?

A

Outermost tissue layer of embryo - Ectoderm

Eventually becomes the Nervous Tissue, Brain, Spinal Cord

99
Q

What is the term for when there is too much Glutamate in the CNS, resulting in neurons being stimulated to death? What is the cause?

A

Excitotoxicity

Often due to lack of oxygen, glutamate transporters that remove glutamate from interstitial fluid fail

100
Q

What are the key voltages to remember in Depolarization and Repolarization in most neurons?

A

Resting Membrane potential -70 mV
Threshold -55 mV
Reversal +30 mV

101
Q

What is the difference between a graded and action potential?

A

Graded - short distance communication, doesn’t reach threshold for reversal of membrane potential

Action - long distance, reaches threshold

102
Q

What simiar function do Astrocytes and Satellite cells perform?

A

Provide structural support - Astro in the CNS and Satellite in the PNS

103
Q

Which neuron moves information the fastest?

A

Unipolar neuron

104
Q

What are the divisions of the PNS?

A
  • Sensory (Afferent/Input) - Somatic and Special Senses
  • Motor (Efferent) - Output
    • Somatic (Skeletal muscle, voluntary)
    • Autonomic
      • Sympathetic (fight or flight)
      • Parasympathetic (rest and digest)
      • Enteric (GI)
105
Q

What is the purpose of the nervous system?

A

Maintain Homeostasis

106
Q

Where would you find the nissl bodies, what do they do?

A

Within the cell body, clusters of rough endoplastmic reticulum and site of protein synthesis

107
Q

What is the difference between a ganglion and a nuclei

A

A ganglion is a collection of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS, a Nuclei is within the CNS

108
Q

What is the primary function of Unipolar neurons and where are they mostly located?

A

Sensory receptor - fast communications
Cell bodies are mostly in the ganglia of spinal and cranial nerves

109
Q

True or False - Neuroglia are electrically excitable

A

False, Neurons are, but the supporting cells are not

110
Q

Which part of a neuron is able to regenerate?

A

Axon IF the cell body is in tact the neurolemma (sheath of schwann) is able to form a regeneration tube

111
Q

What is the role of the Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps in the myelin sheath to speed up communication via Saltatory Conduction - leaping from node to node

112
Q

Which ion plays the greatest role in triggering an action potential?

A

Na+

113
Q

True or False - The neurotransmitter Ach is able to be both excitatory (EPSP) and inhibitory (ISPS)

A

True

114
Q

Nitric Oxide, Carbon Monoxide, Glutamate, GABA, and Epinephrine are all examples of what?

A

Neurotransmitter

115
Q

What is Substance P and what is its role?

A

Neuropeptide, transmits pain from periphereral receptors to CNS

116
Q

During which week of gestation does the ectoderm thicken and fold to form the neural groove that becomes the neural tube – and our entire nervous system?

A

3rd Week

117
Q

Which of the three structure of the Diencephalon is responsible for nerve impusles that we can actually control?

A

Thalamus - is somatic and responsible for routing sensory impulses and somatic motor pathways

118
Q

Which part of the Diencephalon secretes the hormone responsible for regulating circadian rhythms?

A

Epithalamus - contains the pineal gland which secretes melatonin

119
Q

Which area of the brain is well developed in primates and of which damage can cause their personality to change? What type of area is it?

A

Prefrontal Cortex
Association Area

120
Q

This part of the medulla oblongata is why the left side of our brain controls the right side of our body

A

Decussation of pyramids
- where 90% of the axons coming to and from cross over

121
Q

Which structure produces dopamine and which structure runs on it?

A

Substantia Nigra - produces
Cerebellum and Red Nuclei - run on it

122
Q

Which structure in the cranial meninges is the dividing line between R/L hemispheres?

A

The Falx Cerebri of the Dura Mater

123
Q

What is the condition when a virus or bacteria is able to breach the blood brain barrier, causing the protective tissues around the brain to swell?

A

Meningitis

124
Q

what is the term used to describe any disorder of the brain?

A

Encephalopathy

125
Q

What structures in the Spinal Cord are made up of Gray Matter

A

The horns -
2 Anterior Horns which are responsible for motor (more protected)
2 Posterior Horns which are responsible for Sensory

126
Q

True or False - All Spinal Nerves are mixed

A

True - ALL contain both sensory and motor components, but subdivision branches can be one or the other

127
Q

Where does the spinal cord terminate?

A

Level of L2 - nerves extend, but the cord itself ends

128
Q

How many and what are the groupings of the Spinal Nerves?

A

31 in total:

8 Cervical Nerves
12 Thoracic Nerves
5 Lumbar Nerves
5 Sacral Nerves
1 Coccygeal Nerve

129
Q

What are the structures at the end and leading out of the spinal cord?

A

Conus Medullaris - thickened
Cauda Equina - bundul of nerves extending downward
Filum Terminale - anchors spinal cord to the ‘tail’

130
Q

What are the 3 possible pathways for sensory communications received by spinal cord

A
  1. Straight to the ascending white matter tract and to the brain
  2. Posterior gray horn, and then synaps with interneurons before going to the brain
  3. Reflex - posterior gray horn, interneurons, synapse with spinal cord reflex motor nerons
131
Q

True or False - Every nerve innervates a dermatome

A

False - C1 does not

132
Q

What is the primary difference between the meninges of the brain and spinal cord?

A

The dura mater of the spinal cord has only one layer (no sinuses)

133
Q

What is a Plexus? What nerves do each of the Plexuses have?

A

Network of axons

Cervical Plexus - C1 - C5
Brachial Plexus - C5 - T1
Lumbar Plexus - L1 -L4
Sacral Plexus - L4 - S4

– there is a smaller coccygeal plexus

134
Q

Which spinal vertibrae and nerves have no associated Plexus

A

Thoracic

135
Q

What is a Rami

A

Branches of Spinal nerves

136
Q

What is likely to result from an injury to nerves C3, 4, 5?

A

Injury to the Phrenic nerve, and possible suffication due to inability to send nerve impulses to the diaphragm

137
Q

Which Plexus does the sciatic nerve originate, what is the related disorder and symptoms?

A

Sacral Plexus -
Sciatica - lower back pain extending all the way down the leg - the sciatic nerve is the longest in the body (2 nerves bound together)
Can be injured d/t a herniated disc, etc.

138
Q

If a patient damages CN 1, what clinical condition are they most likely to present with?

A

Anosmia - loss of smell

139
Q

What clinical conditions might occur with nerve damage to the Optic nerve?

A

Anopia - blindness (can be partial, depending on the chiasmic pathways)

Myopia - Near-sighted
Hyperopia - Far-sighted
Astigmatism - blurred

140
Q

If a patient is suffering from Strabismus, where their eyes do not focus on the same subject or Ptosis, drooping eyelid, they likely have damage to which Cranial nerve(s)?

A

CN III - Occulomotor
CN IV - Trochlear
CN VI - Abducens

141
Q

What does the cilliary muscle control and what nerve is it innervated by?

A

The lens of the eye, CN III

142
Q

Which condition of the Trigeminal Nerve CN V is improved with a 70-75% cure rate by accupuncture?

A

Trigeminal Neuralgia - Tic Doloreux - a sharp, cutting, or electrical pain, also called the suicide nerve(?)

143
Q

Which condition occurs with damage to the facial nerve, usually due to a bacterial or viral infection?
Would you use acupuncture to treat it?

A

Bells Palsy

Yes - there are acupuncture points in the face said to treat deviation of the mouth and facial paralysi (ST 4, 5, 6) as well as patterns which describe treating internal wind.

However scientifically it has not been scientifically proven, and some would recommend not treating in acute stages due to potential malpractice (Dr. Tsui went over this in AP1)

144
Q

What are the conditions of the Vestibulococchlear Nerve?

A

Vertigo - subjective feeling of dizziness d/t damage, shifting of the otoconia (small crystals)
Ataxia - lack of coordination
Nystagmus - Rapid involuntary eye movement d/t inner ear damage
Tinnitus - rining in ear
Deafness - hearing loss

145
Q

If a patient is having difficulty swallowing, what is this called and which 3 nerves might be the culprit of the issue?

A

Dysphagia

CN IX - Glossopharyngeal
CN X - Vagus
CN XII - Hypoglossal (Tongue)

146
Q

What clinical conditions might you see with CN X

A

Vagal Neuropathy - interruptions of signal to internal organ
Dysphagia - swallowing
Tachycardia - Increase in HR
Vasovagal syncope - triggers HR and BP to drop suddenly, faint

147
Q

Is acupuncture helpful for Vagal Conditions

A

Yes - Acupuncture can stimulate the Vagus nerve and in turn the parasympathetic nervous system, impact digestion

148
Q

What issues might you see with CN XI

A

Localized paralysis with SCM, Traps
Muscular conditions respond well to acupuncture

149
Q

Injuring CN XII might cause Dyphagia or Dysarthria - what’s the difference?

A

Dysphagia is difficulty swallowing
Dysarthria - difficulty speaking

– Conditions with the tongue

150
Q

People with a hyperactive pharyngeal reflex may have what issues?

A

Difficulty swallowing pills and are very sensitive to various medical and dental procedures.

151
Q

Reduced desire to mate might be attributed to damage to which cranial nerve?

A

CN 0 - Terminal

152
Q
A

A&P2 - Neuro / Endocrine (3 decks)

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