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Therio > Final: Stallion > Flashcards

Final: Stallion Flashcards

1
Q

What is included in the breeding soundness exam in a stallion that is not evaluated in the bull?

A

Libido and mating ability

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2
Q

When evaluating stallion semen, two ejaculates are collected. How far apart should these be collected? After what time period of sexual rest? What value are you looking for?

A

1 hour

1 week

1 billion progressively motile, morphologically normal sperm

HOLY GRAIL OF STALLION BREEDING SOUNDNESS

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3
Q

What is the most important infectious disease to test a stallion for?

A

Equine Viral Arteritis

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4
Q

Why is it important to test for EVA in stallions?

A

Stallions are chronic carriers (sex glands)and asymptomatic, causes huge abortion storms

Every ejaculate is contaminated if stallion is infected

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5
Q

What is the only practical way to collect semen from a stallion?

A

Artifical vagina

Colorado, Missouri, Roanoke, INRA

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6
Q

Where in an AV should the stallion ejaculate?

a. Middle
b. Far end
c. Near end
d. Anywhere

A

b. Far end

Middle is too warm

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7
Q

Why can a spayed mare be used for mounting?

A

The absence of progesterone rather than the presence of estrogen causes sexual behaviors, so an OVX mare is always acting receptive

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8
Q

T/F: Ejaculation can be induced in the unstimulated stallion by means of drugs alone.

A

True

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9
Q

Generally, the ______ nervous system controls ejaculation while the _______ nervous system controls erection.

A

Sympathetic

Parasympathetic

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10
Q

What is the minimum number of progressively motile, morphologically normal sperm in the second ejaculate?

A

1 billion (1x10^9)

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11
Q

Which drugs and via which routes are used for chemical ejaculation?

A

Imipramine IV (PO needs to be given for several days)

Xylazine IV

Norepinephrine IM

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12
Q

What is the average ejaculate volume?

A

50mL

20-150mL

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13
Q

What % motility and normal morphology is required?

A

>60% for both

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14
Q

T/F: In stallions it is acceptable for sperm to have abaxial tail implantation and thus can be normal for the sperm to swim in large circles.

A

True

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15
Q

What does the presence of several secondary spermatocytes in the ejaculate of a stallion indicate?

A

Testicular degeneration

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16
Q

If ejaculate originates from the epididymus there will be a high concentration of __________. A level of

A

Seminal plasma alkaline phosphatase

100 (<1000 =suspicious)

N=25,000 U/L

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17
Q

What affects daily sperm output (4 things)?

A

Season

Testicular size

Age

Sexual behavior

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18
Q

Typically the [sperm] is lower in the ______ (winter/summer).

A

Winter

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19
Q

How much does the [sperm] decrease in the second ejacualte?

A

Approx 50%

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20
Q

What is the approximate total scotal width of a sound stallion?

A

10cm

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21
Q

Stallions reach their maximal sperm production and storage at or above ___ years of age.

A

7

22
Q

How many million/billion progressively motile sperm (for AI) should be found in:

  1. Fresh semen
  2. Cooled semen
  3. Frozen semen
A
  1. Fresh= 500 million
  2. Cooled = 1 billion
  3. Frozen = 800 million to 1 billion (min. 240 mil at thawing)
23
Q

You are packaging semen from a stallion for cooled shipment. You should aim for an inseminating dose of:

a. 500 million PMS
b. 800 million PMS
c. 1 billion PMS
d. 5 billion PMS

A

c. 1 billion PMS

24
Q

Where does presperm come from?

A

Bulbourethral grands and Urethra

25
Q

Where does the sperm rich fraction of semen come from?

A

Epididymis and Ampullae (testes)

26
Q

Where does the sperm poor fraction of semen come from?

A

Prostate and Vesicular glands

27
Q

Where does the gel fraction of semen come from?

A

Vesicular glands

28
Q

If the urethra tears, where does this occur?

A

Convex surface of the urethra at the ischial arch

29
Q

What is the most common cause of urospermia?

A

Idiopathic

30
Q

Which of the following is NOT a treatment option for urospermia?

a. Furosemide
b. Empty bladder completely before collection
c. Sildenafil
d. Lavage bladder
e. Dilute ejaculate with semen extender
f. Phenylopropanolamine or Imiprimine

A

c. Sildenafil

Diluting is probably the best treatment

31
Q

T/F: Cryptorchidism in stallions has a strong genetic component.

A

True

32
Q

What tool is most useful to assess testicular trauma and monitor the progression?

A

Ultrasound

33
Q

If you want to continue breeding a stallion that has ruptured one of its testicles, what is your immediate plan of action and why?

A

Remove the damaged testicle

Body forms autoantibodies against testicular tissue which will affect the healthy testicle

34
Q

What is the most common testicular neoplasia in young horses?

A

Teratoma

Esp. cryptorchidism (Dogs= sertoli)

35
Q

______ cell tumors tend to look gray and hard while _____ cell tumors look yellowish tan. A ______ is whiteish and soft.

A

Sertoli

Intersitital

Seminoma

36
Q

T/F: A testicular biopsy is more dangerous in stallions than in bulls.

A

False, safer in stallions

37
Q

What disease do these horses have?

A

Herpes (EHV-3)

Note: depigmented skin

38
Q

What is the term for serous fluid collecting between the visceral and parietal layers on the vaginal tunic of the testes/testicle?

A

Hydrocele / Vaginocele

39
Q

Which of the following is not a treatment for a hydrocele?

a. Benign neglect
b. Move to cooler environment
c. Move to warmer environment
d. Exercise
e. Scerlotherapy
f. A and C
g. C and E
h. None of the above are treatments, the condition is always fatal

A

g. C and E

40
Q

What is the term for the inability to retract the penis?

A

Paraphimosis

41
Q

What is the term for a persistent erection without sexual arousal?

A

Priapism

42
Q

In horses, is priapism usually caused by high-flow (arterial supply) or low-flow (venous drainage) ?

A

Low flow

43
Q

Which of the following is NOT a treatment for priapism?

a. Benztropine mesolate IV (Parkinson’s medication)
b. Tertbutaline
c. Surgical irrigation of the urethra
d. Clenbuterol
e. Phenylephrine intra-CCP

A

c. Surgical irrigation of the urethra

Surgical irrigation of the CCP would be correct

44
Q

What disease causes equine coital exanthemia?

A

EHV-3

45
Q

T/F: EHV-3 does not cause longterm fertility problems.

A

True

Lesions are painful but resolve, no abortions

46
Q

What is the most common penile neoplasm in horses?

A

SCC

47
Q

What is ampullar spermiostasis?

A

Plugged ampullae

Excessive accumulation of spermatozoa that become inspissated and block the lumen

48
Q

T/F: Alkaline phosphatase concentration in semen is a good test to confirm suspected unilateral ampullar spermiostasis.

A

False

Must be bilateral block to diagnose with alk phos

49
Q

What is the causative agent if you note a mare with metritis accompanied by excessive purulent discharge?

A

Taylorella equigenitalis

(Contagious Equine Metritis)

50
Q

T/F: Your client’s stallion is to be shipped to Europe. You find the stallion is seronegative for EVA. The next step is semen culture to confirm EVA status.

A

False

If positive must check to make sure he is semen negative

Therio (6 decks)

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