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Therio > Final: Pregnant Mare > Flashcards

Final: Pregnant Mare Flashcards

1
Q

Upon which hormone does embryo transport depend?

A

Prostaglandin (PGE2)

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2
Q

When is the maximum mobility phase of an embryo?

A

Days 10-12

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3
Q

What forms soon after the the embro reaches the uterus? When does it disappear?

A

Embryo capsule (Polysaccharide-rich membrane between trophoectoderm and ZP)

Disappears after day 23

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4
Q

When does embryo migration cease? Where does it “fix”?

A

Day 16 (post-ovulation)

Base of one uterine horn

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5
Q

By convention, at what day is pregancy diagnosed via ultrasound (keeping in mind that you want to avoid missing twins)?

A

Day 14

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6
Q

At which day does the embryo start looking like a guitar pick?

A

Day 18

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7
Q

After diagnosis, when do you want to re-ultrasound the mare?

A

Day 24

Allantois visible ventrally

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8
Q

Why do you check a mare at day 60 of pregnancy?

A

To ensure the pregancy was not lost, after 60 days loss of embryo is unlikely

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9
Q

What structutres are formed by the migration of chorionic girdle cells into the maternal endometrium?

A

Endometrial cups

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10
Q

What do endometrial cups produce? When does the production peak?

A

Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG)

Day 60

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11
Q

Do the endometrial cups disappear faster in a mare who is on her first pregancy or on her 5th pregancy?

A

1st

So less eCG in maiden mares

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12
Q

What are the necrotic cells that roll around the allantois called?

A

Hippomanne

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13
Q

T/F: Large ovaries are normal in the early stage of pregnancy.

A

True

Abundant follicular development -> Secondary corpora lutea form

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14
Q

When are fetal gonads larger than the mare’s?

A

Mid-gestation

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15
Q

What is the relaxin source in the cow? Horse?

A

Cow: CL

Horse: Placenta Like the bitch

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16
Q

What lab test can be done to confirm pregnancy after about 90 days?

A

Estrone sulfate levels

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17
Q

Foal heat diarrhea occurs in foals born to ______ mares.

A

Ovariectomized

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18
Q

At what day are the allantois and yolk sac approximately equal in size?

A

30

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19
Q

T/F: In horses, the amnion and embryo are attached via small branching blood vessels.

A

False, no attachment

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20
Q

In which sport are mares preferred to geldings?

A

Polo

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21
Q

The genital tubercle starts in a neutral position and moves _____ in the male and _____ in the female. (Cranially or Caudally)

A

Cranially= male

Caudally= female

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22
Q

Why may an eCG level provide a false positive?

A

Endometrial cups could have formed and the baby lost after

i.e. Because of endometrial cups

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23
Q

What does an increase in the combined thickness of the uterus and placenta (CTUP) indicate?

A

Placentitis

24
Q

What are the 3 mainstays of treatment for placentitis?

A

Antimicrobials (Potentiated sulfonamides)

Anti-inflammatories (Flunixin)

Progesterone (Double dose of ReguMate)

25
Q

What biochemistry marker can use used to monitor the efficacy of placentitis treatment?

A

Serum amyloid A

26
Q

What causes focal placentitis especially in the uterine body and base of the horns, resulting in a pasty brown exudate between uterus and placenta?

A

Hematogenously acquired Nocardioform placentitis

Causes sporadic abortion

27
Q

What does prolonged deceleration of the fetal heart rate indicate?

A

Fetal stress

28
Q

Which of these fetal samples is not commonly collected for abortion investigation?

a. Liver
b. Lung
c. Stomach fluid
d. Spinal cord
e. Adrenal gland(s)
f. Placenta
g. Kidney

A

d. Spinal cord

Also spleen and cardiac blood +/- maternal serum

29
Q

What findings indicate EHV-1 was the cause of an abortion?

A

On necropsy see:

Pulmonary edema (rib impressions)

Hepatic necrosis (speckled focal disseminated)

30
Q

When is a mare vaccinated for EHV-1?

A

Month 3, 5, and 7 of gestation

Can use live vax

31
Q

What cause of abortion is associated with the Eastern Tent Caterpillar?

A

Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome (MRLS)

32
Q

How long is a normal umbilical cord? How many twists?

A

approx 55cm

4-5 twists

33
Q

What is more common, unliteral or bilateral twin embryo fixation?

A

Unilateral

34
Q

Twins?

A

Boo twins!

Twins bad

35
Q

Twin reduction before which day of the pregnancy provides the best outcome for the other fetus?

A

19

36
Q

What is the simplest way of inducing abortion?

A

Daily injections of prostaglandin PGF2a until the abortion occurs

37
Q

What cause of abortion causes a thickened placenta, prolonged gestation, no udder development, and low relaxin concentrations?

A

Fescue toxicosis - Acremonium (fungus)

38
Q

What must you rule out in a horse who is colicing in mid to late pregancy?

A

Uterine torsion

Correct by standing flank laparotomy

39
Q

What does painful ventral edema and a caudally facing udder indicate?

A

Ruptured prepubic tendon/abdominal muscles

40
Q

How can you minimize abdominal contractions and prevent straining?

A

Passing tracheal tube

Especially important if suspect/confirm abdominal muscle rupture

41
Q

What is the average length of gestation?

A

335-342 days

Gilbert says around 340 days

42
Q

Are males or females carried longer during pregnancy?

A

Males

43
Q

Which vaccine is highly dangerous for pregant horses?

A

VEE

44
Q

When should a tetanus vaccine be boostered in a pregnant mare?

A

4-6 weeks before parturition

45
Q

What are the signs of impending parturition?

A

Vulva elongation and softening

Mammary gland: secretion, “wax” (colostrum)

Tail relaxation (ligament relaxes)

46
Q

What is measured in milk to help predict when parturition will occur? What values indicate that it is imminent?

A

Calcium and pH

Ca: 250

pH: 6.5

Also e-lytes

47
Q

What does allantoic adenomatous hyperplasia indicate?

A

Placental insufficiency

Foal potentially compromised

48
Q

What is the simplest way to check colostrum quality?

A

Brix refractometer

Correlates to antibody concentration

49
Q

If a mare is ready for foaling, what can you give to induce?

A

TINY dose of oxytocin

50
Q

What is the most common fetal cause of dystocia?

A

Malposition: Lateral head deviation

51
Q

If you see the cervical star emerge right at the start of parturition, what does it indicate?

A

Premature placental separation

Aka Red Bag

52
Q

What does a deficiency of amniotic fluid predispose the fetus to?

A

Joint ankylosis

53
Q

Is the breeding prognosis for a mare better after a long fetotomy or a long c-section?

A

C-section

54
Q

What are 2 major potential consequences to retained fetal membranes?

A

Peritonitis

Laminitis

55
Q

What can occur if you try to treat retained fetal membranes with oxytocin?

A

Uterine prolapse

56
Q

How soon after birth does the mare ovulate?

A

Within 15 days

Therio (6 decks)

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