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BIOL10010 Introductory Biology: Life's Complexity > FINAL REVISION > Flashcards

FINAL REVISION Flashcards

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1
Q

Details of oxygenic photoautotrophs

A

photosynthesise → prod O biproduct
e.g. cyanobacteria + algae

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2
Q

Outline features of sexual reproduction in fungi

A

process varies dep on species
maj time in hap phase
3 stages = plasmogamy, karyogamy, meiosis

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3
Q

What are the four possible stages of respiration in animals?

A
  1. breathing
  2. gas exchange
  3. circulation
  4. cellular resp

not all animals use all 4

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4
Q

Features of trachea

A
  • system of tubes branching across body w/ openings (spiracles) → can open/close
  • some insects use muscle contractions or extended tracheal branches to ventilate tracheal system
  • sep from circ system
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5
Q

How do stomata facilitate respiration?

A

open/close to allow gas exchange dep on environ factors - also dets stomata density/aperture

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6
Q

Name three of the key adaptations land plants have evolved.

A
  • roots to extract water + dissolved nutrients from soil
  • vascular tissue for transp water + nutrients
  • diversity of leaf types + size for PS
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7
Q

What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration?

A

aer resp uses O to extract E from food - anaer uses diff compound e.g. nitrate, sulfur instead

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8
Q

How have plant roots adapted to meet respiration needs?

A
  • aerial roots (pneumatophores)
  • aerenchyma = sml air pockets w/in plant tissue → enabled oxygen flow from exposed to anoxic/waterlogged portion
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9
Q

Why are the largest algae extremely thin?

A

allows nutrients to pass easily thru cell walls

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10
Q

What features of roots make them so important for land plants?

A
  • facilitate nutrient + water uptake from soil
  • provide structural support + anchorage
  • synthesise plant hormones
  • house nutritional reserves
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11
Q

What are the differences between excretion, elimination, and respiration?

A

excret = removal of bodily waste products vs elim = removal of unabsorbed food that never part of body vs resp = exchange of gasses

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12
Q

Why do larger species require more complex excretory mechanisms?

A

need more efficient/resilient system than relying on passive forms (diff + osmo)

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13
Q

Describe the process of exocytosis

A

process in which vesicles fuse w cell membrane to release contents outside the cell

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14
Q

What are the three broad measures of excretion in plants?

A
  1. transpiration
  2. storage
  3. diffusion
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15
Q

Why is N one of the common waste products excreted?

A

all heterotrophic animals req protein → bc protein prod high conc of N when metabolised → lots of N needs to be excreted

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16
Q

Excretory products that are composed of N.

A

ammonia, urea, uric acid, guanine

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17
Q

Name three groups that use cilia for locomotion (at some stage in their lives).

A

slugs, snails, worms

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18
Q

How do Cnidarians and molluscs move?

A

via propulsion

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19
Q

Name two differences between cartilaginous and bony fish.

A
  • buoyancy mechanism - cart fish have lg liver filled w low-density oil vs bony fish have swim bladder
  • support mechanism - cart fish have pectoral fins that prov dynamicm lift vs bony fish have rays or lobes that support weight
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20
Q

Why are archosaurs polyphyletic?

A

bc both birds + reptiles (multi phyla) evolved from common ancestor

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21
Q

When does adaptive radiation occur?

A

new environ niche AND/OR absence of comp

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22
Q

Why are we interested in understanding origination and mass extinction rates?

A

r/ship bw orig + ME rate determines if species is diversifying + ID adaptive radiations + mass extinctions

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23
Q

What is the evidence that we are heading for a sixth mass extinction?

A

ext rates higher than background ext rates - Ceballos et al. 2015

extinction rates approaching level of ‘big five’ ME events- Barnosky et al. 2011

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24
Q

Details of anoxic photoautotrophs

A
  • use H2S/org mols = electron source
  • nhave bacteriachorophylls X chloroplasts
    live in harsh environs e.g. hot springs → imp for nutrient recycling
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25
Q

How do insects respirate?

A

O2 diff thru trachea

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26
Q

Label an insect’s mouthpart

A

Image 7
mx → manipulate
md → bite, cut
lb → store
lr → hold

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27
Q

How does population structure relate to evolution?

A

physical composition + social organisation of orgs det by mating systems (driver of evol bc sexual selection)

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28
Q

Selection acts on _ alleles faster than _ alleles.

Dominant alleles are _ fixed but recession alleles…

A
  1. dom / rec
  2. never / can be fixed (never fade from pop)
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29
Q

Compare assortive and disassortive mating

A

assortive (pos assortive) mating
mate w indiv w same alleles = ‘like w like’
X change to allele freq
genotypic iso → phenotypic iso → w selection can cause speciation
e.g. Olivella biplicata - lg animals live further up shoreline than smler animals → mate w similar size orgs
e.g. primates
disassortive (neg assortive) mating
mate w indiv w diff alleles - opp attract
outcome = novel genotypes → maintains genotypic variation w/in pop
e.g. wolves

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30
Q

Describe mating behaviours in primates

A
  • outcome: genotypic dilution
    • promiscuity
  • outcome: genotypic differentiation
    • monogamy
    • polyandry
    • polygyny
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31
Q

Two events that result in lower genetic diversity

A
  1. bottleneck event
  2. founder event
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32
Q

What are the long-term impacts of a genetic bottleneck?

A
  1. allele fixation
  2. inc homozygosity
    e.g. c heetah
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33
Q

Provide two examples of how small mutations can have a significant impact

A
  1. sickle cell anaemia (point mutation)
  2. teosinte to corn (point mutation)
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34
Q

Equation for change in populational allelic composition due to migration

A

Δp=m(x-p)

m = mig rate

x = freq of allele in migrants

p = freq of allele in residents

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35
Q

3 types of reproductive barriers

A
  1. pre-mating e.g. geog
  2. pre-zygotic e.g. mating times, eco diff
  3. post-zygotic e.g. fertilised egg/offsrping inviable
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36
Q

What type of reproductive barriers result in allopatric speciation?

A

pre-mating

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37
Q

What types of reproductive barriers result in sympatric speciation?

A

pre-zyg
post-zyg

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38
Q

Genomic analysis involves…

A

collecting samples/recording phenotypes
creating libraries + sequencing
investig gene loci/entire genome
ID SNPs + other areas of genetic variation

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39
Q

Genome sequencing enhances…

A

our understanding of micro and macroevol e.g.

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40
Q

Types of GWASs

A
  1. med research
  2. evol bio
  3. ag - traits of econ value
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41
Q

Random mating means…

A

pop structure absent + mating occurs in prop w genotype freqs

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42
Q

insig p value when 1df

A

p>0.5

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43
Q

metabolic web

A

feeding, assimilition (dig), growth, maintenance, devt + reprod

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44
Q

Growth curves depend on…

A

metabolic rate across life span - diff for diff spp
e.g. guppy → M=W^(2/3) VS drosophila → MW^1 VS snail → M=W^(3/4)

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45
Q

How is climate change impacting biodiversity in tropical areas?

A

generalists tend to live in high/low latitudinal areas vs specialisists live in tropics bc abundnace of resources = inc biodiv

h/e CC has disprop delet impact on tropical species bc forced to endure subopt cond → extinction of one spp → maj ramifications for delicate ecosystem - more prone to collapse bc specialisation

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46
Q

List the six sensory modalities that provide organisms with information

A

chemical
electricity
light
magnetic
mechanical
sound

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47
Q

Outline chemical modality

A

oldest
most taxonomically widespread
relies on phys interaction bw odour + receptor

48
Q

Outline mechanical modality

A

vibrations through substrate e.g. silk
locate + det size of prey
e.g. spiders

49
Q

List prey defence adaptations and their matching predator counter-adaptations

A
  • camo → improve sensory acuity
  • mimicry → improve sensory acuity
  • early pred detection → camo, faster
  • active defence (chem, phys) → de-activation/de-toxification capacity, inc armaments
50
Q

Degree of egg mimicry is higher in species with…

A

higher host rejection rates - evol arms race

51
Q

How do signals and cues play a role in sexual selection?

A

mating calls/displays

→ selection favours what Darwin called ‘organs of sense’ = attractive traits → more likely to reprod successful + pass to offspring

52
Q

List the features of eusocial insects

A
  • co-op care for young
  • sterile castes → nest maintenance + care for young
  • overlapping gens
53
Q

How is the life cycle defined?

A

according to length of gen (several, annual, perennial) AND # reprod events/yr (interoparous vs semelparous)

54
Q

Outline the three types of survivorship curves

A

Type I = log curve → most indiv die late e.g. elephants

Type II = linear slope → indiv die at uniform rate e.g. squirrels

Type III = neg exponential curve → most indiv die @ young age e.g. butterflies

55
Q

What characterises population growth, decline and stability?

A

stable → R=1

growth → R>1

decl → R<1

56
Q

Logistic growth equation

A

Image 4

57
Q

What are the two types of dispersal?

A

natal disp - mvmt from birthplace to breeding place

breeding disp - change of breeding site

58
Q

What are the limitaions of measuring dispersal via marking and observation?

A

observation effort
gaps in data
X track long dist mvmt

59
Q

What are the pros/cons of measuring dispersal via geotrackers?

A

pros - lightweight

cons - limited accuracy bc relies on assumption that animal is in same spot @ sunrise/set - X acct for mvmt w/in day

60
Q

How can we measure dispersal using intrinstic markers?

A
  • measure stable isotopes - chemical composition reflects environ/diet
  • genetic markers reveal where animal was born
  • parasites = clues abt locations visited
61
Q

What are the five categories of metapopulation spatial dynamics?

A

classic
- mainland-island (source-sink)
- patchy pop
- non-equilibrium (extinction w/out recol - often caused by habitat fragmentation by humans)
- mixtures

62
Q

What characterises a ‘classic’ metapopulation?

A

frequent extinction and recolonisation in habitat patches

63
Q

At the regional scale, what two factors drive metapopulation dynamics?

A

extinction + recol

64
Q

Do metapopulations arise in natural or in transformed habitats?

A

transformed - habitat patches often arise from habitat fragmentation

65
Q

What factors influence how prone a population is to extinction and recolonisation?

A

size of terr + lvl connectivity

66
Q

Pros/cons and characteristics of early reprod strategy

A

characteristics: short-lived + sml body size bc early E invested into reprod, X growth

pros: reduces risk of X reprod at all

cons: lim ability to prov parental care bc short life cycle → dec prob of survival

67
Q

Most perennial plants are…

A

iteroparous

68
Q

Example of an semelparous Australian mammal

A

monotremes

69
Q

Outline the characteristics of micro- and macro-parasites

A

micro:

sml + intra-cell
multiply rapidly w/in host
transmitted dir
v numerous - viruses, bacteria, protozoa
e.g. covid (virus) or Plasmodium falciparum (protozoa) → colonises human RBCs - mosquitos = vectors
macro:

grow on/in body cavities
reprod by releasing infectious stages into environ - poss col same host as parent
rarely complete life cycle w/in one host
e.g. helminths, nematode worms, lice, fleas, tapeworms

70
Q

Outline the differen ways parasites are transmitted

A
  • direct e.g. smallpox
  • trophic
  • vector
71
Q

parasite strategies

A
  • castration
  • brood parasitism e.g. cuckoo
  • micropred e.g. fleas
  • parasitoids - kill host
72
Q

Definition and characteristics of epidemics

A

Refers to a rapid change in disease prevalence within a population.
- disappear from pop for period
- wave of infection
- mass mort
- rapid inc pop growth rate after event

73
Q

Definition and characteristics of endemic infections

A

Refers to diseases that persist in a population for a prolonged period of time
- suppresses pop #
- almost never causes extinct but can inc vulnerablility

74
Q

When is culling used to prevent the spread of disease

A

when transmission is density depo

75
Q

What are three strategies for disease prevention and control of microparasites?

A

culling (infected orgs/vectors)
behav modif incl quarantine/soc dist
vax e.g. measles

76
Q

host responses to parasites

A

tolerance or resistance

77
Q

Low genetic diversity can cause extinction due to…

A

the allee effect -> inbreeding depression

78
Q

What are the key threats to threatened species globally? How do they differ from threats to Australian species and why?

A

global threats = habitat loss + overexploitation

Aus threats = invasive spp + changes in habitat bc historic genetic iso of Aus spp → high lvls endemism + specialisation → Aus spp X well adapted to cope w novel spp/environs

79
Q

Three types of conservation interventions

A
  1. threat reduction e.g. fences to keep out pred
  2. pop boosting e.g. captive breeding
  3. genetic rescue e.g. MPP
80
Q

How has volcanism aided biological productivity in Australia

A

inc nutrient-density of soil → inc fertility

81
Q

What is alpha diversity?

A

measure of a local eco comm according to its richness (# diff spp), evenness (relative abundnace of spp w/in comm) or both

82
Q

What is beta diversity?

A

extant of change in comm composition/degree of diff across region

83
Q

What is resource partitioning?

A

when allopatric spp changes morphology (size/shape - char displacement) OR behaviour (nocturnal/diurnal) → dec comp

e.g. alloptatric pops of Hydrobia (mud snails) = similar sizes vs sympatric pops H. ulvae is consistantly larger than H. ventrosa (Knox et al.)

84
Q

Outline two objective methods of classifying community patterns in space

A
  • data-based pattern analysis
    • assoc (what spp commonly occur together)
    • classif
    • ordination (what specific environ cond are assoc w certain spp) OR cluster graph??
  • mapping
    • classify spp
    • then model r/ship bw spp → predict across space (map)
85
Q

Draw the parasitic life cycle

A

Image 5

86
Q

Consequences of introduced species herbivory on Australian vegetation

A
  • change veg comp/structure
  • dec plant spp richness
87
Q

sub-webs include

A

parasites

88
Q

Scales for the study of interspecific interactions

A
  • temporal i.e. history of spp interaction
  • geog i.e. bogong moth x MPP
  • morphometric e.g. krill x humpback whale
89
Q

Types of mutualistic relationships

A

specific = bw 2 spp

diffuse = bw multi spp

90
Q

Outline mycorrhizae

A
  • fungi col plant roots
  • 80% plant spp
  • mutualistic bc F supplies water + nutrients - P supplies PT prod (sugars)
    outcomes:
  • inc P resistance to path
  • est mycorrhizal;l networks -> facilitate comm bw plants
91
Q

e.g. of antogonistic co-ev

A

toxic newts x garter snakes

92
Q

Factors that influence a species’ vulnerability to introduced species

A

size + habitat

93
Q

Threats to baw baw frog + conservation interventions

A

CC + intro paths
captive breeding

94
Q

Global drivers of species extinction

A

habitat change - 75% land area sig altered + 66% ocean impacted bc:

  • 85% wetland lost
  • 1/2 coral cover lost since 1870
  • marine plastic poll inc x10 since 1980
  • 32mil ha primary/recovering trop RF lost 2010-15
95
Q

What are the biological indicators of the Anthropocene?

A
  • inc soil N + P content bc fertilisers
  • rapid inc in atm CO2 + CH4 conc
  • dram inc in spp extinct
  • deforest for ag, logging + urban devt
96
Q

When do fossil fuels accumulate?

A

when dead plant matter accumulates faster than it can decay → layers of orgo C = FF

97
Q

Outline scope of species extinction in Australia

A

110 extinct since Eur col
1800sp = high risk
35% global mammal extinctinction
50% decl in avg bird abundance since 1985
Aus = 2nd highest rate of biodiv loss (Waldron et al. 2013)

98
Q

‘Evil quartet/sextet’

A
  1. invasive spp
  2. hab loss/frag
  3. over-ex
  4. co-ext
  5. CC e.g. gilbert’s potoroo could be ext by 1 fire
  6. disease
99
Q

How is ecosystem collapse assessed?

A

IUCN created red list

criteria:

decl distrib spp
restricted distrib spp
degred of abiotic environ
altered biotic processes/interactions

100
Q

Rank five types of conservation interventions by how effective they are at supporting high levels of biodiversity.

A
  1. dec consumption
  2. sus prod
  3. cut pollution
  4. CC action
  5. conservation/restoration
101
Q

Example of ‘transformative change’

A

Finance for Biodiv pledge → worlds leading financial instit (worth >14.7trEUR) pledge to ensure investments = biodiv pos

102
Q

major obstacle in Aus biodiv conservation action

A

lack of funding

103
Q

five actionable interventions to prevent biodiversity loss in Australia

A
  • priv protected areas/conservation orgs
    • e.g. aus wildlife conservancy
  • nat-friendly agri
  • indig land mgmt
  • comm action
  • science/innov
104
Q

List the threats faced by Nardoo Hills ecosystem

A

plants

  • dec water availability bc dec RF + inc temps
  • invasive weed spp e.g. prickly pear cactus
  • feral herbs e.g. deers, pigs, goats, rabbits

animals

  • pred feral cats + foxes
  • habitat loss - esp. trees prov shelter + breeding ground + food e.g. swift parrots
105
Q

Evidence of the severity of land clearance for agricultural use

A

60% aus land mass = used for ag in some way

106
Q

Examples of transformative change in agriculture

A
  • aus govt biodiv stewardship fund
  • tiverton farm - pred proof fence w bandicoots inside - improves soil qual + conserves spp
107
Q

Why is Indigenous land management crucial for threatened species conservation?

A

nearly 60% Aus threatened spp have part/all distrib on Indig mgmt land

108
Q

How does cultural burning help to protect/maintain the ecosystem?

A

nutrient cycling → improve soil health
ensures long-living spp X dominate - averts comp exclusion
stimulates plant reprod
dec freq + severity of late szn wildfires = contrib to CC + sig biodiv loss

109
Q

Current climate scenarios project…

A

earth cont warm regardless of actions BUT can mitigate + adapt

110
Q

Example of Australian rodent that went extinct due to CC

A

bramble key melomys

111
Q

How do different types of ecosystems help us adapt to and mitigate CC?

A
  • forests - veg = C sinks
  • grasslands - soil = C sinks
  • mangroves - coastal buffer i.e. storm surge attenuation
  • wetlands - flood water retention
112
Q

Describe how ecosystems can help reduce the severity of and impacts of CC through nature-based solutions
e.g. mangroves

A

mangroves:

  • acts as C sink - mitig
  • cushions impact of storm surge on coastal settlements/ecosystems - adapt
  • oxygen water → create healthy habitat for fish/birds/multi marine spp - biodiv
113
Q

urban challenges and solutions

A

challenges
- urban heating
- flooding
- poor hwb
- biodiv loss
sols:
inc tree cover
water garden
reserves

114
Q

List two EPBC-listed species from the temperate grassland of Victoria’s Volcanic Plain and describe the conservation action being taken for them.

A

striped legless lizard
growling grass frog
2009 Melb Strategic Assessment aimed to offset habitat loss by creating grassland reserves BUT unsuccessful bc difficulties acquiring land

115
Q
A

BIOL10010 Introductory Biology: Life's Complexity (8 decks)

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