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BIOL10010 Introductory Biology: Life's Complexity > 03. SENSING & RESPONDING TO THE ENVIRONMENT > Flashcards

03. SENSING & RESPONDING TO THE ENVIRONMENT Flashcards

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1
Q

What does a proton pump do?

A

converts info → work using minimal E = ‘biological demons’ bc release E (work) from seemingly nowhere

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2
Q

What is homeostasis through the lense of order and energy?

A

homeostasis = maintaining internal order

b/c world is predisp to disorder → maintain HS = active work = req E = food → metabolism

t/f living orgs are goal-orientated bc seek to maintain HS → 1) survival + 2) reprod

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3
Q

What are the connections between the heat balance, water balance, feeding and respiration?

A

all comprise metabolism

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4
Q

How is metabolic rate measured in the modern day?

A

indirect ‘calorimetry’ = gas measurement

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5
Q

Requirements for basal metabolic rate

A

used for endotherms

  • X moving, digesting or reprod
  • in thermoneutral zone
  • in inactive phase
  • adult
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6
Q

Requirements for standard metabolic rate

A

used for ectotherms

  • X moving
  • X digesting
  • @ known temp
  • in inactive phase
  • adult
  • X reproducing
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7
Q

Requirements for resting metabolic rate

A

used for endo AND ectotherms

  • X moving
  • X digesting
  • in thermoneutral zone
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8
Q

What is field metabolic rate?

A

‘doubly labelled water’

  • incorp all E req org has
  • generally x2-3 BMR for most spp
  • org injected w ‘heavy water’ → take later sample + measure how much labelled (heavy) water has diluted

→ reveals E + H2O usage

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9
Q

What is the thermoneutral zone?

A

zone where endotherms can maintain stable body temp w/out E expenditure

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10
Q

Metabolic rate vs body size ratio

A

true for endo + ectotherms

M=aW^(3/4)

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11
Q

Describe the metabolic web

A

org’s ontogeny, life cycle + life history = all result of org’s metabolic process

→ feeding, assimilition (dig), growth, maintenance, devt + reprod = all comprise the ‘metabolic web’

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12
Q

Growth curves depend on…

A

metabolic rate across life span - diff for diff spp

e.g. guppy → M=W^(2/3) VS drosophila → MW^1 VS snail → M=W^(3/4)

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13
Q

Outline the difference between soft and hard limits

A

w/in soft limits org can reprod vs bw soft + hard lims org is in survival mode

e.g. temp - slightly too hot means difficult for org to find food/mate VS extreme heat → enzymes denat → death

i.e. cannot lower metabolic rate below BMR = hard lim

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14
Q

What is a metabolic niche?

A

continuous set of environ cond where org can reprod @ rate sufficient to maintain/grow pop

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15
Q

What is the outcome of enzymes denaturing?

A

irrev damage to cellular machinery → death

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16
Q

What are three modes of thermoregulation?

A

behavioural (e.g. kangaroo licks paws) + physiological + morphological

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17
Q

Factors determining metabolic niche

A
  • food
  • water
  • temp
  • salinity
  • acidity
  • mate selection
  • predators
  • disease
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18
Q

How does extreme heat cause bodies to fall apart?

A

irrev damage to enzymes (denat) + cell membranes (composed from 2 lipid layers → melting temp impacts fluidity of membrane → indir affects shape of enzymes - can cause them to denat)

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19
Q

Why do chipmunks sprawl on the ground in extreme heat?

A

maximising body contact with relatively colder surface → offload heat thru conduction

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20
Q

How is climate change impacting biodiversity in tropical areas?

A

generalists tend to live in high/low latitudinal areas vs specialisists live in tropics bc abundnace of resources = inc biodiv

h/e CC has disprop delet impact on tropical species bc forced to endure subopt cond → extinction of one spp → maj ramifications for delicate ecosystem - more prone to collapse bc specialisation

21
Q

Information is provided by…

A

the presence OR absence of cues and signals

22
Q

List the six sensory modalities that provide organisms with information

A
  • chemical
  • electricity
  • light
  • magnetic
  • mechanical
  • sound
23
Q

Outline chemical modality

A
  • oldest
  • most taxonomically widespread
  • relies on phys interaction bw odour + receptor
24
Q

Outline electrical modality

A
  • suited to aquatic environ
  • used by sharks + monotremes
25
Q

Outline light (visual) modality

A

dep on spp’s visual accuity + dist from obj

26
Q

Outline magnetic modality (magnetoreception)

A
  • used by bact + many animals esp birds. e.g. dunnock
  • orient over long dist (mig) or short dist (homing)
27
Q

Outline mechanical modality

A
  • vibrations through substrate e.g. silk
  • locate + det size of prey
  • e.g. spiders
28
Q

Outline sound modality

A
  • echolocation
  • varying freq - ultrasonic undetectable to humans
  • e.g. bats (X avoid obstacles/locate prey when sound >20kHz bc X able to hear sonar feedback of own calls) + humpback whales
29
Q

Examples of how the sensory modality utilised by a species depends on its habitat and lifestyle

A

e.g. aquatic animals use electrical modality

30
Q

A signal/cue must be…

A

reliable AND readily discernable from bckgrnd noise

→ selection favours this

31
Q

Signals can go undetected because…

A
  • attenuate (fade)
  • background noise e.g. bats when noise >20kHz → X hear own calls
32
Q

Identify the differences between a signal and cue

A

signal = evolved + innate + mutually beneficial vs cue = learned + X evolved + exploitative

33
Q

How can signalling be strategic?

A

false signalling = common adaption e.g. toxic colouring to deter predators

34
Q

How are ant pheromones both signals and cues?

A
  • signal for other ants
  • cue for adult b’flies → mating/oviposition
  • cue for spiders = pred on b’flies
35
Q

Drawbacks of signalling

A
  • physiological - energetically expensive e.g. courtship calls = more E than mvmt/rest
  • exploitation - reveal location → cue for nat enemy
36
Q

Examples of eavesdropping

A
  • ants’ social alarm pheromone → alerts Habronestes spider to location → ants vulnerable bc distracted w soc alarm
  • chicks begging calls
37
Q

List prey defence adaptations and their matching predator counter-adaptations

A
  • camo → improve sensory acuity
  • mimicry → improve sensory acuity
  • early pred detection → camo, faster
  • active defence (chem, phys) → de-activation/de-toxification capacity, inc armaments
38
Q

Degree of egg mimicry is higher in species with…

A

higher host rejection rates - evol arms race

39
Q

Genotypes are a type of…

A

signalling bc tranfer of genetic info during reprod → det phenotypes

40
Q

For asexual organisms, genetic information…

A

is transmitted directly + perfectly

41
Q

Why are gametes dimorphic?

A

need to distinguish bw info transmitting (own DNA) + info recieving to avoid self-fertilisation

42
Q

Where do asexual organisms typically thrive?

A

ag habitats bc homogenous

43
Q

How do signals and cues play a role in sexual selection?

A

mate choice + male-male competition involve signalling = mating calls/displays

→ selection favours what Darwin called ‘organs of sense’ = attractive traits → more likely to reprod successful + pass to offspring

44
Q

How is a reproduction an evolutionary paradox?

A

males + fems of same spp = common interest in spp surviving but both prioritise own genes = conflict of interest bc want to maximise mating opps + suppress others

45
Q

How do male organisms prevent polyandry?

A
  • interfere w fem signalling → dec comps
  • phys interference
46
Q

What is the evolutionary purpose of parental care? What are the drawbacks?

A

ensure offspring survives to sexual maturity → trandfer genetic info to next gen

high lvls of parental care = risky bc high E investment → compromises opp for further reprod

47
Q

List the features of eusocial insects

A
  • co-op care for young
  • sterile castes → nest maintenance + care for young
  • overlapping gens
48
Q

Describe three ways an ectotherm might cool down

A
  • shade-seeking - dec solar radiation
  • climbing - cooler windier air
  • panting - tongue exposed to air → inc rate of evap → inc heat loss

BIOL10010 Introductory Biology: Life's Complexity (8 decks)

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