Final review Flashcards
Filial Piety
respect is shown for one’s elders
Oligarchy
A form of government in which a small group of people have power and control
Monotheistic
The belief in 1 god
Absolute location
Describes a position using the latitude and longitude lines that mapmakers have drawn on earth
Nomad
A person who moves around to search for food
Silk road
A trade route that linked China and the middle East
Civilization
The development of advanced institutions record keeping job specialization advanced technology and advanced towns and cities
Neolithic Revolution
The development of farming and domestication of animals that changed the way people lived
Fertile Crescent
A crescent-shaped region of good farmland created by the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers
Mandate of Heaven
A divine right to the rule of Chinese dynasties
Cultural diffusion
the exchange of customs and beliefs between two groups
Polytheistic
Belief in many gods
Relative location
Description of position based on other locations
Confucius
Chinese philosopher who identified 5 key relationships with corresponding duty and responsibility
Buddha
Founder of Buddhism
Alexander the Great
Conqueror who blended Greek Persian Egyptian and Indian culture into Hellenistic culture
Hammurabi
Known for his set of laws Babylonian king
Bantu
African tribe that spread their culture and agricultural practices from east Africa to Southwest Africa
Muhammad
Founder of Islam
Jesus
Founder of Christianity
Ashoka
The Mauryan ruler who united a diverse India and brought peace and prosperity
Abraham
Significant individual for Judaism: migrated from the Fertile Crescent to Canaan
Socrates
Ancient Greek philosopher
Provide 2 examples of enduring issues
Conflict- The Muslim and Christian Crusades
Impact of technology- the invention of the compass allowed sailors to see where they were going at night when the sky was cloudy
Paleolithic Era
Neolithic Era
small bands of people living together, in small transportable huts, moving around in search of food
Towns were developing, the population grew, people domesticated plants and animals for food and houses became permanent
5 characteristics of a civilization
Advanced towns and cities Record keeping Job specialization Advanced technology Advanced institutions
What were the 4 early River civilizations explain one innovation for each
Mesopotamia developed cuneiform first known writing which was later used to create our alphabet, Indus River Valley developed cities with a high degree of social organization used a grid system, Ancient Egypt developed a social hierarchy which gave Egypt a social class, Ancient China used oracle bones to predict the future impacted Chinas future language
Silk Roads
A network of trade routes connecting the med sea with east Asia and the lands in between. Buddhism spread along the silk road as well as Islam, gunpowder, the compass, and maritime technology.
Geographic and historical context for the founding of the classical civilizations in India
In India there are 2 rivers 1 called the Ganges River and one called the Indus River. These rivers allowed for fertile land and easy trade and transportation. the Himalayan mountains blocked India from communicating with those North of the Mountains.
How did the Mauryan Empire use their belief systems and philosophical ideas to gain, consolidate, and maintain power?
They maintained power by rejecting the caste system so people could have social mobility, consolidated power by enforcing his own rock and pillar edicts, he gained power by spreading Buddhism.
What led to the Gupta Golden age? How did the Gupta’s golden age impact India other regions, and late periods in history?
The Gupta had a strong military and access to trade because of this they grew in wealth and prosperity, They impacted India by spreading new technology they developed during their golden age.
What was the geographic and historical context for the rise of classical civilizations in China?
China was connected with the Taklamankan desert which helped China trade using the silk roads.
Did Shi Haungdi improve China? Why?
Shi Haungdi improved China because he unified China, he unified the chinese metric system, and writing system which made China more stable.
What led to the Golden age of Athens ad the Roman golden age Pax Romana? How did both Golden Ages impact their respective regions, other regions, and later periods in history?
Augustus taking over Rome and unifying it led to Rome’s golden age. Rome’s golden age developed aqueducts and arches were built. Aqueducts made it possible to have cities far away from water and arches were used in monuments and supporting buildings. Greece’s golden age was brought on by Athen’s victory over Persia, growing wealth, and new found interest in arts and architecture, The pythagorean theoram was used to find area and helped Athenians build great architecture, the hippocratic oath reformed medicine and was used to make doctors better.
What was the Mediterranean vsea complex? How did the Mediterranean sea complex affect the civilizations connected by it?
A trade route located in East Asia, Europe, and North Africa. The Med. sea complex affected civilizations around it by increasing civilizations around it by increasing trade, cultural diffusion, and imports and exports these cities also grew in wealth.
How did Rome gain, maintain, and consolidate power?
Gained power through war, and conquering nearby smaller kingdoms, they consolidated power by becoming a monarchy, maintained power by crushing rebellions with their huge army.
Fuedalism
A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to their king, in exchange for their loyalty military service and protection of the people who live on the land.
Pilgrimage
A religious journey to a holy place
Holy land
The area in the Middle East between the Jordan river and Mediterranean sea where holy sites important to Judaism, Christianity, and Islam are located
Millet
An Ottoman Turkish term for a legally protected religious minority.
Caliphate
A state under the leadership of a caliph
Secular
Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual manners
Sultan
An Ottoman leader
Middle Ages
Time period from 476 to 1450 in western Europe
Manorialism
Political and economic system defined by the relationship between land owners and land workers
Plague
A contagious bacterial disease characterized by fever nad insanity
Janissary
A member of the elite force of soldiers in the Ottoman Empire
Civil service Exam
Exam that must be taken in order to qualify to be a government official. Poetry was a key part of the exam during the Tang and Song dynasties.
Ibn Battuta
Traveled Africa and Asia, spread the ideas of Islam along his travels
Justinian
Autocratic leader of the Byzantine Empire at its height with his wife Theodora, established a strict law code
Osman
Ruler of the Ottoman Empire at its height, established a set of law codes that brought order and stability to his empire.
Kublai Khan
Established the mongol empire
Social Mobility
The degree to which in a given society and individuals families or groups social status can change through the course of their lifetime through a system of social hierarchy or stratification
Schism
A split caused by differing beliefs
Jinyiwei
The imperial military secret police that served the emperors of the Ming Dynasty
Mansa Musa
Leader of the Mali at its height. His Hajj caused places to have severe inflation
Ibn Battuta
Traveled to Africa and Asia. He spread ideas of Islam along his travels
Zheng He
Chinese explorer, he explored throughout the Indian ocean basin and brought knowledge and goods back to China
Justinian
Autocratic leader of the Byzantine Empire at its height with his wife Theodora. He established a strict law code
Pope Urban 2
He asked the leader of the Byzantine empire for help and to call for the first crusade
Ghenghis Khan
Leader of the mongols at the height of the empire
Sulieman the magnificent
Ruler of the Ottoman empire at its height he established a set of law codes that brought order and stability to his empire
Kublai Khan
Established the Mongol Empire
Osman
Established the Ottoman Empire
How did the fall of Rome impact Eastern and Western Europe
Eastern Europe became unified became the Byzantine Empire broke off from the Roman Catholic Church and developed the Eastern Orthodox church
Zheng He
Chinese explorer, explored throughout the Indian Ocean basin and brought back knowledge and goods to China
Sulieman the Magnificent
Established the Ottoman Empire
Mansa Musa
Leader of Mali at its height, his hajj caused places to have severe inflation
Genghis Khan
Leader of the mongols at the height of the empire
Pope Urban ll
He asked the leader of the Byzantine Empire for help and to call for the 1st crusade
Heretic
A person believing or practicing a religion or aspect of a religion that is different than the accepted belief or practice.
Renaissance man
A well rounded person that is accomplished in all fields. The person is a well-educated humanist, an artist, scientist, inventor, musician, and has impressive physical ability
Scientific revolution
From the 1500s-1700s scholars started to question their beliefs about the world and based their conclusions on observation and reason rather than spiritual belief or what organizations like the Catholic Church told them
Indulgence
A piece of paper issued by the Catholic Church that forgave sins
Incan civilization
Civilization in South America from 1438-1533
Mayan civilization
Civilization in Mesoamerica from 250-950
Chinampas
Floating gardens created by the aztecs
Counter reformation
Response to the Protestant reformation, the Catholic Church’s attempt to gain back power
Tribute
Payment made by one state or ruler to another showing it’s dependence on the more powerful state
Absolute monarchy
System of government where one person has absolute control
Heliocentric
Sun centered
City-state
A city and the land surrounding it that is independently ruled
Divine right
The belief that an absolute monarch’s authority to rule cake directly from God
Renissance
Cultural movement in the 14th-17th centuries during which European artists, scientists, and scholars were inspired by classical achievements of the Greeks and Romans
Aztec civilization
Civilization in Mesoamerica from 1428-1521
Griot
An African storyteller in early African kingdoms and city-states
Animism
A belief that natural objects like animals, plant, and rivers have spirits
Humanism
Intellectual movement that emphasized the study of subjects known as the liberal arts including grammar, logic, poetry, philosophy and history.
Terrace farming
Farming techniques used by the inca
Protestant reformation
16th century religious, political, intellectual, and cultural revolution that sought to change or remake the Catholic Church
Martin Luther
Led the Protestant reformation by writing his 95 theses
Isaac Newton
Discovered the 3 laws of motion
King Louis XIV
Leader of France, built the palace of Versailles
John Calvin
One of the leaders of the Protestant reformation, believed in predestination
Peter the Great
Absolute ruler of Russia, modernized and westernized his nation
Machiavelli
Political leader and philosopher of the renissance era, believed a leader should be feared rather than loved
Johannes Gutenberg
Invented the printing press
Galileo Galilei
Constructed a telescope and supported the Copernican theory of a sun centered solar system
Leonardo da Vinci
The renissance man, he created paintings such as the Mona Lisa and drew new inventions
Rapheal
Renissance painter, painted the school of Athens painting
What were feudalism and manorialism? Why did they develop in Western Europe? What effects did they have on the people in western Europe?
Feudalism when nobles were given use of land that belonged to their king in exchange for loyalty and military service, Manorialism was when nobles had manors managed by peasants in exchange for food and protection, Developed in Western Europe because of the power vacuum that resulted from not having a king, this gave power to kings and nobles and peasants had no power and little freedom
Was the Catholic church powerful in medieval Europe? Why?
Yes, controlled the military, owned 1/3 of all Europe’s land and was in charge of the learning and had power over the king
What were the Trans Saharan trade routes? What innovations made trade in the Trans Saharan trade routes easier faster and safer?
A group of trade routes across the Sahara desert that connected Africa to Asia and Europe. Using camels to carry goods made the trade routes faster safer and easier because you didn’t have to stop for water as frequently they could carry many goods and didn’t have to venture off the trade routes and risk dying
Were the Mongols civilized or uncivilized?
Uncivilized, didn’t have a strong central government, no advanced cities, murdered whole towns, and they were nomadic
What were the Crusades?
A series of wars between Muslims and Christians to win control of the holy land.
What was the relationship within and between Muslim and Christian states in the 11th century how did this conflict lead to the crusades?
The relationship was tense because both sides were attacking each other and this led both sides to want control of the Holy land and Pope Urban decided he would call upon the Byzantines for help with the first crusade
What happened when Christian crusaders entered Jerusalem during the first Crusades?
The Christians destroyed the Muslim population and took control of the Holy land
What were the effects of the Crusades?
The king passed taxes to pay for the Crusades and it created a huge rift between Muslims and Christians
What was the Black Death?
A plague that spread through Europe in the 1300s to 1500s that originated in Asia and spread through trade and flees wiping out the European population
