Final Review Flashcards
What are living things made up of?
Carbon Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Phosphorus Sulfur
What are the two types of oligosaccharides that produce gas during digestion? What are they found in?
- Raffinose and stachyose
- Found in dried beans
Name the 6 taste sensations.
1) Sweet
2) Salty
3) Sour
4) Bitter
5) Savoury
6) Oleogustus
Name the 4 factors affecting touch
Texture
Consistency
Astringency
Chemesthesis
What are sensory tests?
- Analytical (effective) tests
- Affective (acceptance or preference) tests
What is the difference between threshold and dilution tests?
Threshold: increasing or decreasing concentrations until the substance can be recognized or not recognized
Dilution: find the smallest amount of test material detected when it is mixed with a standard material
What are bulbs used for?
• Storage organ during plant dormancy
Name the 8 parts of plant anatomy.
- Fruits
- Seeds
- Flowers
- Leaves
- Stems
- Roots
- Tubers
- Bulbs
Why are cruciferous vegetables functional foods?
- Contain indole glucosinolate
* May have a protective effect against some cancers
Why are allium vegetables functional foods?
- Crushing of these plants, especially garlic, releases allicin
- Allicin = Antimicrobial
Why is lycopene beneficial? What colour is it?
- Red carotenoid pigment
- Powerful antioxidant
- May reduce risk of prostate and digestive tract cancers
Why is lutein beneficial? What colour is it?
- Yellow carotenoid pigment
- Antioxidant activity
- May decrease growth of cancer cells
- May have anti-inflammatory properties
Why are soybeans considered to be a functional food? Which compound in soy is responsible for these effects?
- High dietary levels of soy associated with decreased risk of breast and uterine cancers
- Genistein
What can lead to a mushy texture when cooking vegetables?
Cooking in alkaline environment
Name the 2 major purposes of storage.
1) Reduce the respiration rate (faster resp rate, faster deterioration)
2) Prevent moisture loss
How can respiration rate be controlled?
- Refrigeration, freezing
* Controlled atmospheric storage, Modified atmosphere packaging
What is the optimal humidity for storage? What can too much moisture lead to?
85-95%
Can lead to rot
Name the 2 types of chlorophylls. What groups do they contain?
- Chlorophyll a: blue/green, methyl group
- Chlorophyll b: more common, green, aldehyde group
Explain what happens when chlorophyll is exposed to excessive heating.
- Rupturing of plant cells, release of organic acids
- H+ ions from acids displace Mg2+ ion in chlorophyll
- Formation of pheophytin, change of colour
Name the 3 major types of carotenoids.
- Carotenes (orange)
- Lycopenes (red-orange)
- Xanthophylls (yellow)
Name the 3 major types of flavonoids.
- Anthocyanins (red-blue)
- Anthoxanthins (cream to white)
- Betalains (red
Which pigments are fat-soluble? Which pigments are water-soluble?
Fat-soluble (plastids): carotenoids and chlorophyll
Water (vacuoles): flavenoids
Anthocyanins are highly sensitive to pH. How are they in acid, neutral, and basic environments?
Acid: red
Neutral: purple
Basic: blue to green
How do acids influence anthoxanthins? Bases?
Acids: intensify white colour
Bases: yellow